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The elm
cultivar A cultivar is a kind of Horticulture, cultivated plant that people have selected for desired phenotypic trait, traits and which retains those traits when Plant propagation, propagated. Methods used to propagate cultivars include division, root a ...
''Ulmus'' 'Turkestanica' was first described by Regel as ''U. turkestanica'' in Dieck, ''Hauptcat. Baumschul. Zöschen'' (1883) and in ''Gartenflora'' (1884). Regel himself stressed that "''U. turkestanica'' was only a preliminary name given by me; I regard this as a form of ''U. suberosa''" ''U. minor'' ">Ulmus_minor.html" ;"title="Ulmus minor">''U. minor'' Dmitry Litvinov">Litvinov Litvinov or Litvinoff () is a Russian surname derived from the term ''Litvin'', meaning Lithuania, Lithuanian person (Litva/Литвa). The female form of this surname is Litvinova (). Notable persons with that name include: Litvinov * Alexander L ...
(''Schedae ad Herbarium Florae Rossicae'', 1908) considered ''U. turkestanica'' Regel a variety of his ''U. densa'' (now considered in Russia a form of field elm">Ulmus 'Densa'">''U. densa'' (now considered in Russia a form of field elm), adding that its fruits were "like those of ''U. foliacea'' Gilibert" [:''U. minor''].''Schedae ad Herbarium Florae Rossicae'', 1908; 6: 164Sargent, Charles Sprague, ed., ''Plantae Wilsonianae: an enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 by E. H. Wilson'' (Cambridge, Mass., 1917), vol.3, p.262
/ref> 'Turkestanica' was distributed in Europe as ''U. turkestanica'' Regel by the
Späth nursery The Späth (often spelt ''Spaeth'') family created one of the world's most notable plant nurseries of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The nursery had been founded in 1720 by Christoph Späth but removed to the erstwhile district of Baumschulen ...
of
Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...
from c.1890,Späth, L., Catalogue 104 (1899–1900; Berlin), p.134
/ref> in whose catalogues it was listed separately from ''U. pinnato-ramosa'', now ''U. pumila'' 'Pinnato-ramosa', and from ''U. campestris umbraculifera''. It was later confused with these two – with 'Pinnato-ramosa' by Elwes and Henry (1913) and Krüssmann (1976), and with 'Umbraculifera' by
Green Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495570 nm. In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a com ...
(1964).


Description

Späth in his catalogues described ''U. turkestanica'' Regel as "a densely growing, small-leaved tree". ''Ulmus'', formerly labelled ''U. turkestanica''; Wageningen Arboretum specimen (1929) Litvinov (1908) noted that it had branchlets like those of ''
Ulmus pumila ''Ulmus pumila'', the Siberian elm, is a tree native to Asia. It is also known as the Asiatic elm and dwarf elm, but sometimes mistakenly called the "Chinese" elm (''Ulmus parvifolia''). ''U. pumila'' has been widely cultivated throughout A ...
'' but typical field-elm fruit, up to 2 cm long by 1.2 cm wide. Melville noted (1958) that the specimen of ''U. turkestanica'' at
Kew Kew () is a district in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Its population at the 2011 census was 11,436. Kew is the location of the Royal Botanic Gardens ("Kew Gardens"), now a World Heritage Site, which includes Kew Palace. Kew is ...
had "frond-like leading shoots".Melville's annotation, Oct. 1958, in the RBGE Cultivated Herbarium Accessions Book, alongside entry C2697, area G2, the RBGE ''U. turkestanica''


Pests and diseases

Not known.


Cultivation

One tree was planted as ''U. turkestanica'' Regel, 'Turkestan Elm', in 1899 at the
Dominion Arboretum The Dominion Arboretum () is an arboretum part of the Central Experimental Farm of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Originally begun in 1889, the Arboretum covers about of rolling land between Prince of Wales Drive, ...
,
Ottawa Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It is located in the southern Ontario, southern portion of the province of Ontario, at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the cor ...
, Canada, where it was distinguished from ''U. pinnato-ramosa''. A specimen of ''U. turkestanica'' Regel was present at
Kew Kew () is a district in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Its population at the 2011 census was 11,436. Kew is the location of the Royal Botanic Gardens ("Kew Gardens"), now a World Heritage Site, which includes Kew Palace. Kew is ...
from the early 20th century to at least the 1950s, again distinguished from ''U. pinnato-ramosa''. Three ''U. turkestanica'' Regel (as well as three 'Pinnato-ramosa') were supplied in 1902 by
Späth Spaeth, Spæth, or Späth is a surname, and may refer to: Spaeth * Barbette Spaeth (born ?), American professor and Roman mythology expert *Diana Palmer (author) (born Susan Spaeth, 1946), American romance novelist * George Spaeth (born 1932), Am ...
to the
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is a scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation, as well as a popular tourist attraction. Founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants, today it occupies ...
. One was planted at the Benmore garden in
Argyll Argyll (; archaically Argyle; , ), sometimes called Argyllshire, is a Shires of Scotland, historic county and registration county of western Scotland. The county ceased to be used for local government purposes in 1975 and most of the area ...
in 1902, and survived till 2022 as a sucker or cutting of the original. Following Green's confusion of 'Turkestanica' and 'Umbraculifera', the Benmore tree was believed for a time to be 'Umbraculifera'. 'Umbraculifera', however, though present in Späth's catalogues, does not appear in the RBGE 1902 accessions list from Späth. Being grafted, it does not sucker. In 2004 the tree was again misidentified by the Garden as ''U. pumila'' L. var. ''arborea'' Litv. (a synonym of 'Pinnato-ramosa'), though the leaves do not match those of the latter cultivar. An ''U. turkestanica'' stood till 1993 in RBGE itself, near the ''U. pinnato-ramosa''. This was also a small tree; it produced suckers, and may itself have been sucker regrowth from tree C2697, one of the 1902 'Turkestanica' Regel from Späth. A specimen of 'Turkestanica' Regel stood in the
Arboretum national des Barres The Arboretum national des Barres (35 hectares) is a national arboretum located in Nogent-sur-Vernisson, Loiret, Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged. Closure is planned for the end of ...
,
Nogent-sur-Vernisson Nogent-sur-Vernisson () is a commune in the eastern part of the Loiret department in the Centre-Val de Loire region central-north France. It had a population of 2,569 in 2021. The main employer in the town is the CIMRG plant which manufactures ...
, France, in the 20th century, where it was distinguished from 'Pinnato-ramosa'. It was listed there under the queried synonym of ''Ulmus campestris turkestanica'', suggesting that the Arboretum thought it possibly a
field elm ''Ulmus minor'' Mill., the field elm, is by far the most polymorphic of the European species, although its taxonomy remains a matter of contention. Its natural range is predominantly south European, extending to Asia Minor and Iran; its northern ...
cultivar. A 'Turkestanica' obtained from Späth before 1914, and planted in 1916, stood in the Ryston Hall arboretum,
Norfolk Norfolk ( ) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in England, located in East Anglia and officially part of the East of England region. It borders Lincolnshire and The Wash to the north-west, the North Sea to the north and eas ...
, in the early 20th century. (The arboretum's list also includes 'Umbraculifera' but not 'Pinnato-ramosa'.) A 'Turkestanica' (listed separately from 'Umbraculifera'), "a compact grower with smallish leaves", appeared in early 20th-century catalogues of the Gembrook or Nobelius Nursery near
Melbourne Melbourne ( , ; Boonwurrung language, Boonwurrung/ or ) is the List of Australian capital cities, capital and List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city of the States and territories of Australia, Australian state of Victori ...
, Australia. The description is the one used by Späth for ''U. turkestanica'' Regel. 'Pinnato-ramosa' (not in the Nobelius catalogue) is, by contrast, a rather loosely-branched tree, so the Nobelius introduction may have been Regel's tree. By the 1930s, when 'Pinnato-ramosa' was being recommended as resistant to early-strain Dutch elm disease,Clinton, G. P., McCormick, Florence A., ''Dutch elm disease, Graphium ulmi'' (New Haven, 1936), p.737, p.710
/ref> the "Turkestan elm" in nursery lists, as descriptions show, was usually this
Siberian elm ''Ulmus pumila'', the Siberian elm, is a tree native to Asia. It is also known as the Asiatic elm and dwarf elm, but sometimes mistakenly called the "Chinese" elm (''Ulmus parvifolia''). ''U. pumila'' has been widely cultivated throughout A ...
cultivar, not Regel's field elm. A 1929 Dutch herbarium specimen renames Regel's clone "Unknown ''Ulmus'', formerly known as ''U. turkestanica''", reflecting this change in nomenclature. The Hesse Nursery of
Weener Weener () is a town in the district of Leer (district), Leer, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated near the border with the Netherlands, on the river Ems (river), Ems. The towns population is at 15,654, making it the largest town of the region ...
, Germany, sold an "''Ulmus turkestanica'' Reg." in the 1930s, but gave as a synonym ''U. pumila arborea'' Litv., another name for 'Pinnato-ramosa', confirming that their tree was not Regel's field elm clone.


Putative specimens

A tall suckering
field elm ''Ulmus minor'' Mill., the field elm, is by far the most polymorphic of the European species, although its taxonomy remains a matter of contention. Its natural range is predominantly south European, extending to Asia Minor and Iran; its northern ...
with leaves matching those of the Benmore specimen, and with the "frond-like leading shoots" described by Melville, stands in Carlton Terrace Gardens, Edinburgh, above Carlton Terrace Brae. File:Ulmus (possibly minor). Carlton Terrace Brae, Edinburgh (3).jpg, Possible 'Turkestanica', Edinburgh (2016) File:Ulmus (possibly minor). Carlton Terrace Brae, Edinburgh (4).jpg, Bole and suckers File:AZ0054 Ulmus. Carlton Terrace Gardens, Edinburgh.jpg, Pressed autumn leaves File:AZ0054 Ulmus. Carlton Terrace Gardens elm spring.jpg, Spring silhouette File:AZ0054 Ulmus. Carlton Terrace Gardens elm samara.jpg,
Samara Samara, formerly known as Kuybyshev (1935–1991), is the largest city and administrative centre of Samara Oblast in Russia. The city is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Samara (Volga), Samara rivers, with a population of over 1.14 ...
File:Ulmus (possibly minor and suckers from adjacent tree). Carlton Terrace Brae, Edinburgh.jpg, Young trees grown from suckers, showing frond-like leading shoots


Synonymy

* ''Ulmus suberosa'' var. ''turkestanica'' * ''Ulmus campestris turkestanica'' (?) * ''Ulmus campestris'' var. ''laevis'' Regel (1879)''Act. Hort. Petrop.'', 6:477 (1879) (Litvinov, 1908)


Accessions


Europe

*Royal Botanic Garden Benmore, UK, as ''U. turkestanica'' Regel, Acc. no. 19021007; misnamed (2004) ''U. pumila'' var. ''arborea'' Litv.; died 2022RBGE Living Collection, data.rbge.org.uk
/ref>


North America

*
Dominion Arboretum The Dominion Arboretum () is an arboretum part of the Central Experimental Farm of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Originally begun in 1889, the Arboretum covers about of rolling land between Prince of Wales Drive, ...
,
Ottawa Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It is located in the southern Ontario, southern portion of the province of Ontario, at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the cor ...
,
Ontario Ontario is the southernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Located in Central Canada, Ontario is the Population of Canada by province and territory, country's most populous province. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it ...
, Canada. Accession no. 2626


References

{{Elm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars , state=collapsed Elm cultivars Ulmus articles missing images Ulmus Ulmus Edinburgh Spath 1902