Ulmus 'Frontier'
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''Ulmus'' 'Frontier' is an American
hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two diff ...
cultivar A cultivar is a kind of Horticulture, cultivated plant that people have selected for desired phenotypic trait, traits and which retains those traits when Plant propagation, propagated. Methods used to propagate cultivars include division, root a ...
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a
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introduction (NA 55393) derived from a crossing of the European Field Elm ''
Ulmus minor ''Ulmus minor'' Mill., the field elm, is by far the most polymorphic of the European species, although its taxonomy remains a matter of contention. Its natural range is predominantly south European, extending to Asia Minor and Iran; its norther ...
'' (female parent) with the Chinese Elm ''
Ulmus parvifolia ''Ulmus parvifolia'', commonly known as the Chinese elm or lacebark elm, is a species native to eastern Asia, including China, India, Japan, Korea, Vietnam,Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002)Ulmaceae in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) ''Flora of Chi ...
'' in 1971. Released in 1990, the tree is a rare example of the hybridization of spring- and autumn-flowering elms. Tested in the US National Elm Trial coordinated by
Colorado State University Colorado State University (Colorado State or CSU) is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Fort Collins, Colorado, United States. It is the flagship university of the Colorado State University Syst ...


'Frontier' averaged a survival rate of 74% after 10 years.


Description

'Frontier' develops a vase or pyramidal shape, with glossy green foliage turning, unusually for elms, to burgundy (color), burgundy in autumn. The twigs are pubescent. Slow growing,McPherson, G. et al. (2008). National elm trial: Initial report from Northern California. ''Western Arborist'', Fall 2009, 32–36. the ultimate height of the tree has yet to be determined, but should be > 15 m. The tree is autumn-flowering Jacobson, Arthur Lee, 'Plant of the Month, 2008' arthurleej.com/p-o-m-Oct08.html but rarely does so, and has not produced seed.Santamour, J., Frank, S. & Bentz, S. (1995). Updated checklist of elm (Ulmus) cultivars for use in North America. ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 21:3 (May 1995), 121–131. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, US

/ref>Townsend, A. M., Schreiber, L. R., Masters, W. O. and Bentz, S. E. ''HortScience'', 26: 80–81, 1991. Image:Ulmus 'Frontier' fall foliage.jpg, Fall foliage Image:Ulmus 'Frontier' flowers and leaves.jpg, Flowers and foliage Image:Frontier autumn colour.jpg, Fall color


Pests and diseases

'Frontier' has a good resistance to Dutch elm disease, rated 4 out of 5,Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). ''Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen'' (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. but tolerance of Elm Yellows from grafts in the United States was found to be poor.Sinclair, W. A., Townsend, A. M., Griffiths, H. M., & Whitlow, T. H. (2000). Responses of six Eurasian Ulmus cultivars to a North American elm yellows phytoplasma. ''Plant disease'', Vol. 84, No.12, 1266–1270. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN However, no mortalities are known to have occurred from the latter disease in the field, the cultivar not known to be vulnerable to infection through natural means. The tree can be heavily to severely damaged by the Elm Leaf Beetle ''
Xanthogaleruca luteola ''Xanthogaleruca luteola'', commonly known as the elm-leaf beetle, is a beetle species in the family Chrysomelidae that is native to Europe but invasive in other parts of the world.http://cisr.ucr.edu/elm_leaf_beetle.html - Center for Invasive ...


although it fared better than most of the cultivars assessed at U C Davis, suffering little more than 10% foliar damage. Although susceptible to attack by
Japanese Beetle The Japanese beetle (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of Scarabaeidae, scarab beetle. Due to the presence of Predation, natural predators, the Japanese beetle is not considered a pest in its native Japan, but in North America and some region ...
, it is far less seriously affected than most hybrid cultivars available in the United States.Brady, C., Condra, J., & Potter, D. (2008) Resistance of Landscape-suitable Elm (Ulmus spp.) Cultivars to Japanese Beetle, Leaf Miners, and Gall Makers. ''2008 Research Report, Nursery & Landscape Program'', 15–16. University of Kentucky.


Cultivation

In trials in eastern
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'Frontier' and another American hybrid, Ulmus 'Regal', 'Regal', were found to have the highest tolerance of the hot and arid climate, notably exhibiting minimal leaf scorch. However, 'Frontier' is known to have sustained winter damage where planted in the
Great Plains The Great Plains is a broad expanse of plain, flatland in North America. The region stretches east of the Rocky Mountains, much of it covered in prairie, steppe, and grassland. They are the western part of the Interior Plains, which include th ...
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This failing was repeated in the elm trials conducted by the
University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota Twin Cities (historically known as University of Minnesota) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint ...
, although the tree often recovered the following year. It was also criticized for its form and integrity, considered "unsuitable" for urban forestry.Giblin, C. P. & Gillman, J. H. (2006). ''Elms for the Twin Cities: A Guide for Selection and Maintenance.'' University of Minnesota. 'Frontier' fared better in 10-year trials at Atherton,
California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...
, to evaluate replacements for Californian elms lost to disease: "Strong structure, rapid growth rate, attractive leaf color in spring and fall, and relatively low pruning requirement suggest that Frontier has promise...",Costello, L. R. (2004). A 10-year evaluation of the performance of four elm cultivars in California, U. S. ''Journal of Arboriculture'', March 2004

although the tree again proved only moderately tolerant of elm leaf beetles. 'Frontier' has had a limited introduction to Europe, where it is largely restricted to arboreta and elm collections; it also featured in trials in New Zealand during the 1990s at the Hortresearch station,
Palmerston North Palmerston North (; , colloquially known as Palmerston or Palmy) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Manawatū-Whanganui region. Located in the eastern Manawatū Plains, the city is near the north bank of the Manaw ...
.


Accessions

;North America *Bartlett Tree Experts, US. Acc. nos. 2001–097/8/9 *
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US. Acc. no. 20040606. *
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, US. No details available. *
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, US

Newark, Ohio, Newark, US. 3 trees. No acc. details available. *
Holden Arboretum The Holden Arboretum, in Kirtland, Ohio, is one of the largest arboreta and botanical gardens in the United States, with more than , including devoted to collections and gardens. Diverse natural areas and ecologically sensitive habitats make u ...
, US. Acc. no. 95–140 *
Morton Arboretum The Morton Arboretum, in Lisle, Illinois, United States, is a public garden and outdoor museum with a library, herbarium, and program in tree research including the Center for Tree Science. Its grounds, covering 1,700 acres (6.9 square kilometre ...
, US. Acc. nos. 1284–2004, 433–2005, 270–2008 * Parker Arboretum, US. No acc. details. *
Scott Arboretum Scott Arboretum () is an arboretum coterminous with the campus of and operated by Swarthmore College. It is open to the public daily without charge. The arboretum was established and endowed by the Scott family in 1929 in honor of Arthur Hoyt Sc ...
, US. Acc. no. 91–242 *
Smith College Smith College is a Private university, private Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts Women's colleges in the United States, women's college in Northampton, Massachusetts, United States. It was chartered in 1871 by Sophia Smit ...
, US. Acc. no. 19804, 36005 *
University of Idaho The University of Idaho (U of I, or UIdaho) is a public land-grant research university in Moscow, Idaho, United States. Established in 1889 and opened three years later, it was the state's sole university for 71 years, until 1963. The un ...
Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 1995010 * U S National Arboretum,
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Grange Farm Arboretum The Grange Farm Arboretum is a small private arboretum comprising 3 hectares accommodating over 800 trees, mostly native and ornamental species or cultivars, notably oaks, ashes, walnuts and elms, growing on a calcareous loam.Ostler, J. (2009) ...
,
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, UK. Acc. no. 504 * Great
Fontley Funtley – from the Anglo-Saxon, "Funtaleg", " spring field (clearing)", is a hamlet or exurb north of Fareham, Hampshire, England. It forms a projection towards the South Downs National Park and is generally included within Fareham's popul ...
''
Butterfly Conservation Butterfly Conservation (BC) is a UK-wide nonprofit environmentalist organization and charity dedicated to conserving butterflies, moths, and the environment. The charity uses its research to provide advice on how to conserve and restore butterf ...
'' Elm Trials plantation, UK. One small sapling planted 2021


Nurseries

;North America *Backyard Trees,
Park Hill, Oklahoma Park Hill is an Unincorporated area, unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in southwestern Cherokee County, Oklahoma, Cherokee County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 3,909 at the 2010 United States Census, 2010 ...
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Dayton, Oregon Dayton is a city in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. The population was 2,678 at the 2020 census. History The city was founded in 1850 by Andrew Smith and Joel Palmer. Palmer, who also served as superintendent of Indian affairs for Oregon ...
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Prairie View,
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Williams, Oregon Williams is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Josephine County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 1,072. There were three different post offices in the area named for their proxi ...
, US. *Herd Farm Nursery, Belvedere, Tennessee, US. *J. Frank Schmidt & Son Co

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, US. *Johnson's Nurser

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, US. *Jost Greenhouses,
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, US. *North American Plant

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, US. *Pea Ridge Fores

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, US. *Sester Farm

Gresham, Oregon Gresham ( ) is a city in the Willamette Valley, Located in Multnomah County in the U.S. state of Oregon, bordered by Portland to the northwest and partially in the southwest. It was first settled in the early 1850s by the Powell brothers. It ...
, US. *Sun Valley Garden Centr

Eden Prairie Eden Prairie is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. It had a population of 64,198 at the 2020 census, making it the 16th-largest city in Minnesota. The city is adjacent to the north bank of the Minnesota River, upstream from ...
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, US. ;Europe *Golden Hill Plant

Marden, Kent, Marden, UK. *Pan-Global Plant

Frampton-on-Severn Frampton on Severn is a village and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England. The population is 1,432. Geography The village is approximately south of Gloucester, at . It lies on the east bank of the River Severn, and on the west bank of the ...
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, UK. *Van Den Berk (UK) Ltd.

London, UK


References


External links

*http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/SUL4.pdf Summary, inc. photographs, of elm cultivars resistant to Dutch elm disease available in the United States. *https://web.archive.org/web/20030413074605/http://fletcher.ces.state.nc.us/programs/nursery/metria/metria11/warren/elm.htm Warren, K., J. Frank Schmidt & Son Co. (2002). ''The Status of Elms in the Nursery Industry in 2000''. {{Elm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars , state=collapsed Hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus articles with images Ulmus