Uesugi clan

The is a Japanese samurai clan which was at its peak one of the most powerful during the Muromachi and Sengoku periods (14th to 17th centuries). Appert, Georges. (1888)
''Ancien Japon,'' p. 79.
/ref> At its height, the clan had three main branches: the Ōgigayatsu, Inukake, and Yamanouchi. Its most well-known member is the warlord Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578).

During the Edo period, the Uesugi were a '' tozama'' or outsider clan, in contrast with the '' fudai'' or insider ''daimyō'' clans which had been hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan.

History

The clan claims descent from the Fujiwara clan, specifically Fujiwara no Yoshikado, Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). ''Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du Japon''; Papinot, (2003)
"Uesugi", ''Nobiliare du Japon'', p. 67 [PDF 71 of 80)
/nowiki>">DF 71 of 80)">"Uesugi", ''Nobiliare du Japon'', p. 67 [PDF 71 of 80)
/nowiki> retrieved 2013-5-11. who was a ''daijō-daijin'' during the 9th century.

Uesugi Shigefusa, Kanjūji Shigefusa was a 13th generation descendant of the clan's great progenitor and the originator of the clan's name. Near the end of the 13th century, he received the Uesugi domain in Tango Province and adopted the name "Uesugi" after arriving and establishing himself there.

Muromachi period

Throughout the Muromachi period, members of the clan were appointed as ''shugo'' (provincial governors) and would also regularly hold sway over the post Kantō Kanrei (shogun's deputy in Kantō).

Through their dominance of this position, the clan gained a large amount of power in the Kantō region. In 1449, Kantō Kanrei Ashikaga Shigeuji killed his Uesugi deputy in order to check the family's power. However, Uesugi forces rose up throughout the region and drove out Shigeuji. After ousting the Kanrei, they asked the shogunate in Kyoto for a different deputy to be placed in power.

The Uesugi's deposition of Shigeuji left them as the predominant power in the Kantō region, and the clan was able to grow rapidly. They eventually split into their three main branches, which were named after their traditional homelands. The Ōgigayatsu controlled Kawagoe Castle, the Yamanouchi were centered in Hirai, and the Inukake held a castle in the region as well. Each of these branch families can trace their lineage to Uesugi Kiyoko, mother of Ashikaga Takauji, the founder of the Ashikaga shogunate.

These three branches would commence infighting for dominance within the clan and the Kantō region almost as soon as the split occurred. This conflict would continue for roughly twenty-five years until around the end of the Ōnin War in 1477, which brought the end of the Ashikaga shogunate. Though the Ōgigayatsu and Yamanouchi branches both survived this conflict, the Inukake did not.

Sengoku period

Traditionally, the Ōgigayatsu branch allied themselves with the Ōta clan, while the Yamanouchi were aligned with the Nagao clan. While the Ōgigayatsu were less numerous than the Yamanouchi, they held on to power due to Ōta Dōkan's construction of the Edo Castle in the 1450s. At the same time as the Uesugi branches continued to compete for power with themselves, the Hōjō clan began to gain power in the lower area of the Kantō region. The first head of this rising clan, Hōjō Sōun, allied himself with Nagao Tamekage, Deputy Constable of Kamakura, and would go on to become one of their strongest rivals.

This rapid expansion of a rival clan forced the two rival branches of the Uesugi to become allies. In 1537, the city of Kawagoe fell to the Hōjō clan. By 1545, the united Uesugi launched a campaign to regain their power in the region and retake lost possessions. However, the Ōgigayatsu branch would ultimately come to an end with the death of Uesugi Tomosada during a failed siege of Kawagoe castle later that year.

Near the end of the Sengoku period, the Uesugi would undergo major changes in their leadership. Uesugi Norimasa, holder of a castle which had fallen in 1551 to the Hōjō, took up arms with his retainer Nagao Kagetora. Kagetora would go on to change his name to Uesugi Kenshin after campaigning against the Hōjō in Sagami Province. Kenshin would later become one of Sengoku's most prominent generals, continuing to wage war against the Hōjō for control of the Kantō region. Kenshin's adopted son Uesugi Kagekatsu eventually became head of the Uesugi clan. However, his support of Ishida Mitsunari during the battle of Sekigahara would result in a devastating blow to the power of the Uesugi, as Mitsunari's forces were crushed by Tokugawa Ieyasu and his supporters.

Edo period

During the Edo period, the Uesugi were given the domain of Yonezawa, a ''Tozama daimyō'' worth 300,000 ''koku''. The domain, located far from the capital in the Tōhoku region, was considered fairly representative of what might be given to ''daimyō'' considered "outsiders" by the shogunate. Yonezawa had minimal direct control from the shogunate, but was not urbanized and was largely an agricultural domain.

Despite agricultural advances and generally high growth in the 17th century, Yonezawa, like most parts of the country, experienced a considerable drop in growth after 1700. The official ''koku'' revenue of the Uesugi ''daimyō'' was cut in half in 1664, but the family maintained its same expensive lifestyle as before. After Yonezawa entered debt and experienced famine in the 1750s, the current ''daimyō'' Uesugi Shigesada considered giving the territory back to the shogunate. Instead, he allowed his adopted son Uesugi Harunori to take over as ''daimyō''. Through agricultural and moral reforms, as well as other strict policies, Harunori was able to restore a measure of prosperity to the domain. After his death, the shogunate officially praised Yonezawa as an example of good governance.

''Bakumatsu''

When the Uesugi clan faced the threat of abolition due to the sudden death of Tsunakatsu (1639–64), they were saved by Hoshina Masayuki. In the Boshin War (1868–69), to repay this favor, the Yonezawa Domain rose to assist the Aizu Domain in its time of crisis. Alongside the Sendai Domain (Date clan), they led the Northern Alliance (Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei) and fought against the new government forces, but after repeated defeats, they eventually surrendered.

Meiji period and modern era

The Meiji Restoration in 1868 brought the abolition of the ''han'' system, that is, the end of the domains, the feudal lords, and the samurai class. During this period, the head of the clan was Uesugi Mochinori. While the ''han'' system ended, the Uesugi clan survives to this day. Its present head, Uesugi Kuninori (born 1942), is a professor at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Ministry of Education.

Crests and banners

The clan crest of the Uesugi was two flying sparrows in bamboo.

Uesugi Kenshin had several personal standards: the first character in Bishamonten (毘, bi), a flag of divine appointment, an open fan horse insignia, and the suspended and chaotically written dragon character (龍).

Notable members and retainers

Members

:

* Uesugi Shigefusa (13th century)
* Uesugi Norifusa (died 1355)
* Uesugi Shigeyoshi (died 1349)
* Uesugi Akiyoshi (died 1351)
* Uesugi Yoshinori (died 1378)
* Uesugi Noriharu (died 1379)
* Uesugi Norikata (1335–1394)
* Uesugi Norimoto (1383–1418)
* Uesugi Norizane (1410–1466)
* Uesugi Kiyokata (died 1442)
* Uesugi Fusaaki (1432–1466)
* Uesugi Noritada (1433–1454)
* Uesugi Akisada (1454–1510)
* Uesugi Tomooki (1488–1537)
* Uesugi Norimasa (1522–1579)
* Uesugi Tomosada (1525–1546)
* Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578)
* Uesugi Kagetora (1552–1579)
* Uesugi Kagekatsu (1555–1623)
* Uesugi Harunori (1751–1822)

Retainers

* Amakasu Kagemochi
* Ayukawa Kiyonaga
* Honjō Shigenaga
* Honjō Saneyori
*Honjō Hidetsuna
* Irobe Katsunaga
* Jōjō Masashige
* Kakizaki Kageie
* Kawada Nagachika
* Kitajō Takahiro
* Kitajō Kagehiro
*Kojima Motoshige
*Kojima Yatarō
* Maeda Toshimasu
* Murakami Yoshikiyo
* Nakajō Fujikasuke
* Nakajō Kageyasu
* Naoe Kagetsuna
*Naoe Kanetsugu
* Ōkuma Tomohide
* Saitō Tomonobu
* Sanponji Sadanaga
* Shibata Naganori
* Shibata Shigeie
* Suda Mitsuchika
*Kojima Motoshige
* Suibara Takaie
* Takemata Yoshitsuna
* Usami Sadamitsu
* Yamayoshi Toyomori
* Yasuda Akimoto
* Yasuda Nagahide
* Yoshie Kagesuke

Castles

*Kasugayama Castle
* Tochio Castle: Honjō Saneyori
* Sakado Castle: Nagao Masakage
*Kitajō Castle: Kitajō Takahiro
*Yoita Castle: Naoe Kanetsugu
*Moto-Yoita Castle: Naoe Kanetsugu
*Nechi Castle: Murakami Yoshikiyo
*Akada castle: Saito Tomonobu
*Masagata Castle: Amakasu Kagemochi
*Jōjō Castle: Jōjō Masashige
*Kakizaki Castle: Kakizaki Kageie
*Yasuda Castle: Yasuda Nagahide

See also

* Japanese cryptology from the 1500s to Meiji

Notes

References

* Appert, Georges and H. Kinoshita. (1888)
''Ancien Japon''.
Tokyo: Imprimerie Kokubunsha.
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2002)
''Japan Encyclopedia''.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
* Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999)
''Japan's Kaiserhof in de Edo-Zeit: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867''.
Münster: Tagenbuch.
* Papinot, Edmund. (1906) ''Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon''. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha.
* Ravinia, Mark. (1995). "State-Building and Political Economy in Early-Modern Japan", ''Journal of Asian Studies''. 54.4.
* Sansom, George Bailey. (1961)
''A History of Japan: 1334–1615''.
Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* __________. (1963)
''A History of Japan: 1615–1867''.
Stanford: Stanford University Press.

External links

{{Commons category-inline, Uesugi clan

Japanese clans