Udegai

The Udege (; or , or Udihe, Udekhe, and Udeghe correspondingly) are a native people of the Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai regions in Russia. They live along the tributaries of the Ussuri, Amur, Khungari, and Anyuy Rivers. The Udege speak the Udege language, which belongs to the Tungusic language family. Their religious beliefs include animism, animal worship, and shamanism. The Udege are mainly engaged in hunting, fishing, and ginseng harvesting. According to the 2002 census, there were 1,657 Udege in Russia, a slight increase from 1,500 in 1970. This was down to 1,496 Udege in Russia in the 2010 census. They are one of the closest ethnic groups to the Manchu and Nanai, and are possibly of Xi Yeren Jurchen origin.

The largest settlements of Udege are in:
* Khabarovsk krai: Gvasiugi (Imeni Lazo District) and Arsenievo (Nanaysky District)
* Primorsky krai: Agzu (Terneysky District), Krasny Yar and Olon (Pozharsky District)

Since the advent of Perestroika, the Udege, led by Pavel Sulyandziga, have been actively involved in the struggle for control over their traditional territories along the Bikin River. A central objective has been the establishment of a Territory of Traditional Natural Resource Use of federal status, which was proposed in cooperation with the national umbrella organisation RAIPON and the Russian Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography but failed to be approved by the authorities.Discrimination against indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation
(Parallel report submitted to the UN Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, RAIPON, June 13, 2008)

According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, only 8 declared Udege as their native language. Most of the Udeges in Ukraine indicated Russian (19) or Ukrainian (6) as their native language. 7 of them named another language.

Ethnonyms

Until the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century Russian and Western researchers did not separate Udege and Oroch, considering them one people (often called ''Orochoni''). The first who alleged their ethnic separation was S. N. Brailovsky (). He was also the first to introduce the ethnonym Udihe, Udiheitsi (), which became an official, in particular autoethnonym already in the 1930s. Until that time, the Udege did not have a common self-name. Each territorial group had its own self-name: Hungarian – Hungake, Bikinska – Bikinka, Anyuyska – Uninka, and so on.

Also known is the eхonym Udege Kekari () — so called udege neighboring peoples, mainly Orochi and Manchzhur, and this term is sometimes found in Western and Russian literature.

They were called Qiakala (恰喀拉, ) by the Qing dynasty.

File:Расселение удэгейцев в ДФО по городским и сельским поселениям, в %.png, Settlement of Udege in the Far Eastern Federal District by urban and rural settlements in%, 2010 census
File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, Qiakala people (恰喀拉).jpg, left, "Qiakala" people (恰喀拉), Qing designation of the Udege. Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769
File:Удэгейская женщина с реки Максимовка (Кусун). Костюм туземный, обувь китайская. Начало XX века.jpg, Udege woman
File:Один из первых фотоснимков удэгейского стойбища, сделанный В. К. Арсеньевым, с его автографом. 1906 г.jpg, Udege village, 1906

Notes

References

External links

* Maksim Russo
Map of languages of Russia: Udege
( Polit.ru, 10 March 2019)
* http://www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Russia/bibl/Udege.html

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Tungusic peoples
Indigenous peoples of Siberia
Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
People from Khabarovsk Krai
People from Primorsky Krai
Ethnic groups in Russia
Ethnic groups in Siberia