USS Twiggs (DD-127)

The first USS ''Twiggs'' (DD–127) was a in the United States Navy during World War I. She was named for Major Levi Twiggs. She was later transferred to the Royal Navy, as HMS ''Leamington'' and to the Soviet Navy as ''Zhguchy'', before returning to Britain to star in the film ''The Gift Horse'', which depicts the St. Nazaire Raid.

Service history

United States Navy service

''Twiggs'' was laid down on 23 January 1918 at Camden, New Jersey, by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation. The ship was launched on 28 September 1918; sponsored by Miss Lillie S. Getchell, the granddaughter of Major Twiggs. ''Twiggs'' was commissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 28 July 1919.

Following shakedown, the destroyer joined Destroyer Division 16 (DesDiv 16), Destroyer Squadron 4 (Desron 4), Pacific Fleet, late in October 1919 and operated out of San Diego, California, on training cruises through the spring of 1922. While performing this duty, ''Twiggs'' was classified DD-127 on 17 July 1920 during the Navy-wide assignment of alphanumeric hull numbers. A combination of factors—increased operating costs, manpower shortages, and the general anti-military climate which followed World War I—resulted in a reduction of the Navy's active Fleet. Accordingly, ''Twiggs'' was decommissioned at San Diego on 24 June 1922.

After almost eight years of inactivity, ''Twiggs'' was placed in commission again on 20 February 1930 at San Diego. She became flagship of DesDiv 14 and conducted operations out of San Diego with the Battle Fleet until late in the year. Early in February 1931, she headed south from San Francisco with the Battle Fleet to participate in the annual Fleet concentration with the Scouting Fleet. At the end of the exercises on 15 March 1931, ''Twiggs'' was reassigned to the Scouting Fleet, soon to be redesignated the Scouting Force as a result of the Fleet Reorganization of on 1 April 1931. ''Twiggs'' new home port was Charleston, South Carolina, whence she operated as flagship of DesDiv 7 until late in the spring of 1933. Sometime between 1 April and on 1 July 1933, she rejoined the Battle Force destroyers on the west coast as a unit of DesDiv 6, DesRon 2. The destroyer was completely active until on 1 November 1933 when she joined Rotating Reserve DesRon 20 at San Diego. She remained there in a caretaker status—with a minimum crew on board—until on 1 July 1934, when she returned to fully active duty with DesDiv 4, DesRon 2. She operated out of San Diego with the Battle Force destroyers until late in 1936 when she began preparations for decommissioning. On 6 April 1937, ''Twiggs'' was placed out of commission and berthed at San Diego once again.

Towards the end of the destroyer's sojourn in San Diego's "red lead row", Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. To augment the "Neutrality Patrol" which President Franklin Roosevelt had placed around the eastern seaboard and Gulf ports, the Navy quickly set the wheels in motion to recommission 77 destroyers and light minelayers which had been in reserve at either Philadelphia or San Diego. As part of this operation, ''Twiggs'' was recommissioned at San Diego on 30 September 1939, Cdr. Lyman K. Swenson in command.

As flagship for DesDiv 64, DesRon 32, ''Twiggs'' initially operated out of San Diego on shakedown and training cruises through November. In company with eight of her sister ships, she transited the Panama Canal early in December. Soon after reaching her new base at Key West, Florida, ''Twiggs'' got underway to shadow the British destroyer . Later in the month, she joined sister ship and the heavy cruiser in keeping a close watch on the Australian light cruiser as she prowled the Gulf of Yucatan on the alert to intercept the German liner which was attempting to slip through the Royal Navy to safety in Germany. The Americans maintained such a close surveillance of the Australian ship that her exasperated commander—Captain "Fearless Freddie" Farncomb—was heard to remark: "Queer idea of 'neutrality' these Americans have!"

During her subsequent operations with DesDiv 64, ''Twiggs'' conducted neutrality patrols, training cruises for Naval Reserve contingents, battle practices, and exercises through the summer of 1940.

Meanwhile, by the spring of 1940, the Allied cause had taken a decided turn for the worse, as Norway fell after a disastrous British-Norwegian defense, and France and the Low Countries crumbled under the German ''blitzkrieg''. In addition, German submarines—preying upon the convoys in the Atlantic which served as England's lifeline—began taking heavy tolls on both the cargo ships and their escorts. After the fall of France, Britain found herself very much alone in her struggle to prevent German hegemony in Europe.

With British destroyer forces in bad shape (the beatings taken in Norway, in the Atlantic convoy lanes, and in the Dunkirk evacuation had cut deeply into the Royal Navy list of escort ships), Prime Minister Winston Churchill appealed to the U.S. for aid. By the summer of 1940, President Roosevelt hit upon a solution to the problems respectively facing the U.S. and Britain. Accordingly, he and the Prime Minister reached the Destroyers for Bases Agreement; in exchange for transferring 50 World War I-era destroyers to the British, the U.S. would gain 99-year leases on strategic base sites in the Western Hemisphere.

As the summer of 1940 gave way to fall, ''Twiggs'' began preparation for her transfer to Britain. She arrived at Halifax, Nova Scotia—the turnover point for the "50 ships that saved the world"—on 16 October 1940. The destroyer was decommissioned on 23 October, and her name was struck from the Navy list on 8 January 1941.

Royal Navy service

Turned over to the Royal Navy on 23 October 1940, the flush-decker became HMS ''Leamington'', with the pennant number G 19, and Cdr. W. E. Banks, DSO, in command. She shifted to St. John's, Newfoundland, whence she departed on 4 November as part of the 4th "Town" Flotilla, bound for the British Isles. ''En route'' to Belfast, Northern Ireland, she and her sister ships passed through the scene of the action fought on 5 November 1940 by the armed merchant cruiser , in defense of the homeward-bound Convoy HX 84, against the German pocket battleship . ''Jervis Bay''s gallant delaying action enabled 32 of the 37 ships in the convoy to escape, although she herself was sunk in the action. ''Leamington'' searched for survivors but could find no signs of life.

''Leamington'' arrived at Devonport Dockyard, on 15 November, where she was refitted for Royal Navy service. After workup and training, the destroyer was allocated to the 2nd Escort Group, Western Approaches Command, based at Londonderry Port.Hague 1988, p. 54. She conducted convoy escort missions across the Atlantic into 1941. On 28 April 1941, ''Leamington'' was one of three escorts detached from Convoy OB 314 to reinforce Convoy HX 121, under attack by German U-boats. When the corvette detected a submarine on her sonar, ''Leamington'' and sister ship joined ''Gladiolus'' in attacking the contact. Although ''Gladiolus'' was credited with sinking the submarine, post-war analysis showed that the submarine, was undamaged.Blair ''Hitler's U Boat War: The Hunters 1939–42'' 2000, pp. 271–273. On 27 May 1941, ''Leamington'' was part of the escort of Convoy OB 325 when she collided with the Norwegian merchant ship , which sank, killing five aboard the merchant ship. ''Leamington'' was under repair at Liverpool until July that year, when she rejoined the 2nd Escort Group, which moved to Iceland in September. On 11 September, the 2nd Escort Group, including ''Leamington'' was sent to reinforce Convoy SC 42 under heavy attack off the east coast of Greenland from the U-boats of the wolfpack ''Markgraf'', which had sunk 15 ships from the convoy already. On the afternoon of 11 September, ''Leamington'' and the destroyer were sent ahead of the convoy to investigate a sighting by an aircraft of a submarine ahead of the Convoy. The two destroyers spotted on the surface and carried out a series of depth charge attacks against the submarine, which was destroyed with no survivors.Blair ''Hitler's U Boat War: The Hunters 1939–42'' 2000, pp. 361–363.

On 23 March 1942, the fast troop convoy WS 17 set out from the United Kingdom to Freetown, Sierra Leone, with ''Leamington'' part of the convoy's escort. On 27 March 1942, the German submarine sighted the convoy, and radioed a sighting report with the hope that other U-boats could be directed to attack the convoy. The destroyer picked up the transmission, and used High-frequency direction finding (HF/DF) to direct an attack against the German submarine by ''Leamington'', , and . They attacked and sunk ''U-587'' with depth charges, the first submarine sunk with the aid of shipboard HF/DF.Blair ''Hitler's U Boat War: The Hunters 1939–42'' 2000, p. 513.Rohwer and Hümmelchen 1992, p. 132. On 27 June Convoy PQ 17 set out from Iceland for Arkhangelsk in the Soviet Union, with ''Leamington'' joining the convoy's close escort on 30 June. On 4 July, believing that the German battleship and other heavy ships had sortied against the convoy, the British First Sea Lord, Admiral Dudley Pound ordered that the convoy be scattered, with the escort, including ''Leamington'', being withdrawn to the west. This exposed the lone, unescorted ships to continued unopposed attacks by German U-boats and aircraft. In total, PQ 17 lost 24 of 36 merchant ships, with 21 sunk after the order to scatter.Rohwer and Hümmelchen 1992, pp. 147–148.Blair ''Hitler's U Boat War: The Hunters 1939–42'' 2000, pp. 640–645.

''Leamington'' was refitted at Hartlepool, England, between July and November 1942. On 12 November, the Panamian registry merchantman SS ''Buchanan'' was torpedoed by . Thirteen days later, ''Leamington''—assisted by aircraft—located one of the freighter's four lifeboats and took aboard its 17 uninjured sailors.

Royal Canadian Navy service

In November 1942, the Royal Navy transferred ''Leamington'' to the Royal Canadian Navy, joining the Western Local Escort Force, escorting convoys from New York and Halifax, Nova Scotia to off Newfoundland, where the convoys were handed over to the Mid-Ocean Escort Force.Hague 1988, pp. 19, 54. She experienced extremely bad weather, with extensive icing conditions, while operating in the North Atlantic in late 1942 and early 1943. At one point, the ship reached Halifax after a severe gale on 22 January 1943, coated from bridge to forecastle deck with ice varying from thick.

In April 1943, ''Leamington'' collided with the American minesweeper and was under repair at Halifax until 3 June. Later that month, she collided with the merchant ship ''Mortimer'' and was repaired at Norfolk, Virginia with work continuing until October 1943.

Soviet Navy service

Departing Halifax on 22 December, ''Leamington'' returned to the British Isles and reverted to Royal Navy control. After a period of service based at Rosyth, Scotland, ''Leamington'' was placed in reserve at the Tyne. However, on 16 June 1944, the British loaned the ship to the Russians, who renamed her ''Zhguchy'' ( rus. Жгучий, "Fiery"). She served under the Russian flag through 1949 and was returned to Great Britain in 1950, when she starred in the Trevor Howard film ''Gift Horse'' as the fictional "HMS ''Ballantrae''", (ex- "USS ''Whittier''") which depicted the St Nazaire Raid. She was subsequently sold to John Cashmore Ltd and broken up for scrap at Newport, Wales on 26 July 1951.

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NavSource Photos

{{DEFAULTSORT:Twiggs (Dd-127)
Wickes-class destroyers
Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation
1918 ships
Town-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Town-class destroyers converted from Wickes-class destroyers
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
Town-class destroyers of the Soviet Navy
World War II destroyers of the Soviet Union