USS Ranger (1777)
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USS ''Ranger'' was a 18-gun sloop of the
Continental Navy The Continental Navy was the navy of the United Colonies and United States from 1775 to 1785. It was founded on October 13, 1775 by the Continental Congress to fight against British forces and their allies as part of the American Revolutionary ...
, serving from 1777 to 1780 and the first to bear her name. Built at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard on Badger's Island in Kittery, Maine, she is famed for the solo raiding campaign carried out by her first captain,
John Paul Jones John Paul Jones (born John Paul; July 6, 1747 – July 18, 1792) was a Scottish-born naval officer who served in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War. Often referred to as the "Father of the American Navy", Jones is regard ...
, during naval operations of the
American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was the armed conflict that comprised the final eight years of the broader American Revolution, in which Am ...
.The Importance of Ranger, J. Dennis Robinson
/ref> In six months spent primarily in British waters, she captured five prizes (mostly merchantmen), staged a single failed attack on the English mainland at Whitehaven, and caused
Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...
ships to be dispatched against her in the Irish Sea. Jones was detached in
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to take charge of the , turning over responsibility for ''Ranger'' to his first officer, Lieutenant Thomas Simpson. Under Simpson, the ''Ranger'' went on to capture an additional twenty-four prizes across the Atlantic and along the U.S. coast throughout 1778 and 1779. Receiving new orders in late 1779 to aid the American garrison at Charleston, South Carolina, during the British siege, she continued her raiding career until ultimately forced to anchor on the Cooper River, resulting in her capture on 11 May 1780, with the fall of the city. Renamed ''Halifax'', she finished her active service as a Royal Navy ship and was decommissioned in 1781. Later that year, she was sold in Portsmouth, England to private buyers for use as a merchantman.


History

''Ranger'' (initially called ''Hampshire'') was launched on May 10, 1777 by James Hackett, master
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, at the
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of John Langdon on what is now called Badger's Island in Kittery, Maine. Captain
John Paul Jones John Paul Jones (born John Paul; July 6, 1747 – July 18, 1792) was a Scottish-born naval officer who served in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War. Often referred to as the "Father of the American Navy", Jones is regard ...
was named her first commander.


Continental Navy

After fitting out, she sailed for
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on November 1, 1777, carrying dispatches telling of General Burgoyne's surrender to the commissioners in
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. On the voyage over, two British prizes were captured. ''Ranger'' arrived at
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, France, on December 2, where Jones sold the prizes and delivered the news of the victory at Saratoga to ambassador
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. On February 14, 1778, ''Ranger'' received a nine-gun salute to the new American flag, the "Stars and Stripes" from the ship of the line ''Robuste'', under Lamotte-Picquet, at Quiberon Bay. This was the first salute from a warship and, the second to an American fighting vessel by a foreign power (the first salute was received by when on November 16, 1776 she arrived at St. Eustatius and the Dutch island returned her 11-gun salute). ''Ranger'' sailed from Brest April 10, 1778, for the
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and four days later captured the brigantine "Dolphin" between the Scilly Isles and Cape Clear and scuttled it. On 16 April, she took ship "Lord Chatham" 5 leagues from Cape Clear and sent her to Brest, France. On the 19th sunk a Scottish coastal schooner in the Mull of Galloway. On the 20th sunk a sloop. Captain Jones led a raid on the English port of Whitehaven, April 23, spiking the guns of the fortress, but failing in his attempt to burn the ships in the harbor. Sailing across the bay to St. Mary's Isle, Scotland, the American captain planned to seize the Earl of Selkirk and hold him as a hostage and use him to make several political demands. However, since the Earl was absent, the plan failed. Several
Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...
vessels were searching for ''Ranger'', and Captain Jones sailed across the North Channel to
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, Ireland, to induce of 14 guns, to come out and fight. ''Drake'' came out slowly against the wind and tide, and, after an hour's battle, the battered ''Drake'' struck her colors, with eight sailors being killed in action during the engagement on the 24th. Later on the same day she captured the brigantine "Patience". Having made temporary repairs, and with a prize crew on ''Drake'', ''Ranger'' continued around the west coast of Ireland, capturing a lone storeship, and arrived at Brest with her prizes on May 8. Captain Jones was detached to command , leaving Lieutenant Simpson, his first officer, in command. ''Ranger'' departed Brest on August 21, reaching
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on October 15, in company with and , plus three prizes taken in the Atlantic. The sloop departed Portsmouth on February 24, 1779 joining with the Continental Navy ships and in preying on British
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in the
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. Seven prizes were captured early in April, and brought safely into port for sale. On 18 June, ''Ranger'' was underway again with ''Providence'' and ''Queen of France'', capturing two West Indiamen in July and nine more vessels off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Of the 11 prizes, three were recaptured, but the remaining eight, with their
cargo In transportation, cargo refers to goods transported by land, water or air, while freight refers to its conveyance. In economics, freight refers to goods transported at a freight rate for commercial gain. The term cargo is also used in cas ...
es, were worth over a million dollars when sold in
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. Underway on November 23, ''Ranger'' was ordered to Commodore Whipple's squadron, arriving at Charleston on December 23, to support the
garrison A garrison is any body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it. The term now often applies to certain facilities that constitute a military base or fortified military headquarters. A garrison is usually in a city ...
there under siege by the British. On January 24, 1780, ''Ranger'' and ''Providence'', in a short cruise down the coast, captured three transports, loaded with supplies, near Tybee,
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. The British army tasked with capturing Charleston was also discovered in the area. ''Ranger'' and ''Providence'' sailed back to Charleston with the news. Shortly afterwards the British commenced the final push. Although the channel and harbor configuration made naval operations and support difficult, ''Ranger'' took a station in the Cooper River, and was captured when Charleston fell on 11 May 1780.


Royal Navy

''Ranger'' was taken into the British Royal Navy and commissioned under the name HMS ''Halifax''. She was decommissioned in Portsmouth, England, in 1781, then sold as a merchant vessel for about 3 percent of her original cost.


Specifications

''Ranger''s specifications were: *Begun: January 11, 1777 *Launched: May 10, 1777, into the Piscataqua River *Location: Rising Castle, now Badger's Island, Kittery, Maine *Departed: November 1, 1777 *Builder: John Langdon *Designer: James Hackett *Yard Boss: Tobias Lear IV (father of Tobias Lear V, Secretary to President George Washington) *Officers: **John Paul Jones, Captain **Thomas Simpson, Portsmouth, 1st Lt **Elijah Hall, Portsmouth, 2nd Lt **Samuel Wallingford, Lt of Marines **Dr Ezrah Green, Dover, Surgeon **Mr Joseph Frazer, Sr Officer of Marines **Capt Matthew Parke *Crew: 145 men including nearly half from Piscataqua area *Cost: $65,000 Continental dollars *Rating: Sloop *Rigging: Square rigged on all three masts with royals, topgallant, and a full set of studding sails *Arms: 18 nine-pounder guns *Painting: Topside black with broad yellow stripe and masthead *Dimensions: (Recorded by Royal Navy after capture) **97' 2" at gundeck (est. 110' overall) **77' 9" keel **27' 8" beam **12' depth of hold


References

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External links

* .
''John Paul Jones and the Ranger''
by J. Dennis Robinson {{DEFAULTSORT:Ranger (1777), USS 1777 ships Ships built in Kittery, Maine Sloops of the Continental Navy Sloops of the Royal Navy