USS Panay (PR-5)

The second USS ''Panay'' (PR–5) of the United States Navy was a ''Panay''-class river gunboat that served on the Yangtze Patrol in China until being sunk by Japanese aircraft on 12 December 1937 on the Yangtze River.

The vessel was built by Jiangnan Dockyard and Engineering Works, Shanghai, China, and launched on 10 November 1927. She was sponsored by Mrs. Ellis S. Stone and commissioned on 10 September 1928.

History

Built for duty in the Asiatic Fleet on the Yangtze River, ''Panay'' had as her primary mission the protection of American lives and property frequently threatened in the disturbances that the 1920s and 1930s brought to a China struggling to modernize, create a strong central government, and later counter Japanese aggression. Throughout ''Panay’s'' service, navigation on the Yangtze was constantly menaced by bandits and soldier outlaws, and ''Panay'' and her sister ships provided protection for U.S. shipping and nationals, as other foreign forces did for their citizens.

Often detachments from ''Panay'' served as armed guards on American steamers plying the river. In 1931, her commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander R. A. Dyer, reported, "Firing on gunboats and merchant ships have icbecome so routine that any vessel traversing the Yangtze River sails with the expectation of being fired upon. Fortunately," he added, "the Chinese appear to be rather poor marksmen and the ship has, so far, not sustained any casualties in these engagements."

As the Japanese moved through south China, American gunboats evacuated most of the embassy staff from Nanjing during November 1937. ''Panay'' was assigned as station ship to guard the remaining Americans and take them off at the last moment. ''Panay'' evacuated the remaining Americans from the city on 11 December, bringing the number of people aboard to five officers, 54 enlisted men, four US embassy staff, and 10 civilians, including Universal News cameraman Norman Alley, Movietone News’ Eric Mayell, ''The New York Times Norman Soong, ''Collier's Weekly'' correspondent Jim Marshall, ''La Stampa'' correspondent Sandro Sandri and ''Corriere della Sera'' correspondent Luigi Barzini Jr. ''Panay'' moved upriver to avoid becoming involved in the fighting around the doomed capital. Three U.S. merchant tankers sailed with her. The Japanese senior naval commander in Shanghai was informed both before and after the fact of this movement.

Sunk by the Japanese

On 12 December 1937, the Imperial Japanese Army ordered Japanese naval aircraft to attack "any and all ships" in the Yangtze above Nanjing. Knowing of the presence of ''Panay'' and the merchantmen, the Imperial Japanese Navy requested verification of the order, which was received before the attack began about 13:27 that day. Although there were several large US flags flown on the ship as well as one painted atop the cabin, the Japanese planes continued strafing and bombing. ''Panay'' was hit by two of the eighteen bombs dropped by three Yokosuka B4Y Type-96 bombers and strafed by nine Nakajima A4N Type-95 fighters. The bombing continued until ''Panay'' sank at 15:54. Storekeeper First Class Charles L. Ensminger, Standard Oil tanker captain Carl H. Carlson and Italian reporter Sandro Sandri were killed, Coxswain Edgar C. Hulsebus died later that night. 43 sailors and five civilians were wounded. ''Panays lifeboats were machine-gunned by Japanese fighter planes in the attack.

Two newsreel cameramen, Norman Alley of Universal Newsreel and Eric Mayell of Fox Movietone News, were present on ''Panay'' and were able to take considerable film during the attack and afterwards from shore as ''Panay'' sank in the middle of the river. The newsreels are now available online at usspanay.org (see external links below).

Also on 12 December 1937 two British gunboats, HMS '' Ladybird'' and HMS '' Bee'', came under fire from a Japanese artillery unit near Wuhu on the Yangtze River. ''Ladybird'' was hit by six shells, and ''Bee'' dodged one as she came upon the scene. ''Ladybird'' was not badly damaged, and with ''Bee'', picked up survivors from ''Panay''.

A formal protest was immediately lodged by the U.S. ambassador. The Japanese government accepted responsibility, but insisted the attack was unintentional. A large indemnity was paid (approximately $2,000,000, which is equal to $ today) on 22 April 1938 and the incident was officially settled; however, further deterioration of relations between Japan and the United States continued.

Fon Huffman, the last survivor of the incident, died in September 2008.

Awards

* Navy Expeditionary Medal (12 Dec 1937)
* Yangtze Service Medal (1 Mar 1930 – 31 Dec 1932)
* China Service Medal (7 Jul 1937 – 12 Dec 1937)

See also

*List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy
* List of World War II ships of less than 1000 tons
* The Sand Pebbles (film) A film based on a novel about an American gunboat during the 1920s in China

Notes

Further reading

*
*Peifer, Douglas Carl. (2016). ''Choosing war: presidential decisions in the Maine, Lusitania, and Panay incidents.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190939601
*Peifer, Douglas Carl (2018)
"Presidential Crisis Decision Making Following the Sinking of the Panay."
International Journal of Naval History 14, no. 2/November .

External links

USSPanay.org memorial website regarding USS ''Panay'' and ''Panay'' incident


* ttps://archive.org/details/1937-12-12_Bombing_of_USS_Panay Archive.org Universal Newsreel's 22-minute film by newsreel cameraman Norman Alleybr>Sinking of the US Gunboat "Panay" by Japanese Bombers 7:28- minute film by British Movietone

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panay
Panay (PR-5)
World War II patrol vessels of the United States
Ships sunk by Japanese aircraft
Ships built in China
Second Sino-Japanese War naval ships
Maritime incidents in 1937
Shipwrecks of the Yangtze
1927 ships
Gunboats sunk by aircraft
Ships of the Yangtze Patrol