USS ''Albacore'' (AGSS-569) is a retired, unique research
submarine
A submarine (often shortened to sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. (It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability.) The term "submarine" is also sometimes used historically or infor ...
that pioneered the American version of the
teardrop hull form, sometimes called an "''Albacore'' hull", of modern submarines. The revolutionary design was derived from extensive hydrodynamic and wind tunnel testing, with an emphasis on underwater speed and maneuverability. She was the third vessel of the
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...
to be named for the
albacore.
Her keel was laid down on 15 March 1952 by the
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard of
Kittery, Maine. She was
launched on 1 August 1953, sponsored by Mrs. J. E. Jowers, the widow of Chief Motor Machinist's Mate Arthur L. Stanton, lost with the second
''Albacore'' (SS-218), and
commissioned on 6 December 1953 with Lieutenant Commander Kenneth C. Gummerson in command.
The effectiveness of submarines in
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
convinced both the
Soviet Navy and the
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...
that undersea warfare would play an even more important role in coming conflicts and dictated development of superior submarines. The advent of
nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by ...
nourished the hope that such
warship
A warship or combatant ship is a naval ship that is used for naval warfare. Usually they belong to the navy branch of the armed forces of a nation, though they have also been operated by individuals, cooperatives and corporations. As well as b ...
s could be produced. The effort to achieve this goal involved the development of a nuclear propulsion system and the design of a streamlined submarine hull capable of optimum submerged performance.
Development
Late in World War II, committees on both sides of the
Iron Curtain studied postwar uses of
atomic energy and recommended the development of nuclear propulsion for ships. Since nuclear power plants would operate without the
oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group (periodic table), group in the periodic table, a highly reactivity (chemistry), reactive nonmetal (chemistry), non ...
supply needed by conventional machinery, and since techniques were available for oxygen generation and
carbon dioxide removal, submarine designers turned their attention to vessels that could operate for long periods without surfacing. Veteran submariners visualized a new type of submarine in which surface performance characteristics would be completely subordinated to high submerged speed and agility. In 1949 a special committee began a series of hydrodynamic studies, which led to a program within the U.S.
Bureau of Ships to determine what hull form would be best for submerged operation. The
David Taylor Model Basin in
Maryland
Maryland ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It borders the states of Virginia to its south, West Virginia to its west, Pennsylvania to its north, and Delaware to its east ...
tested a series of designs. The best two—one with a single propeller and the other with dual screws—were then tested in a wind tunnel at
Langley Air Force Base in
Virginia
Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the East Coast of the United States ...
.
[Polmar & Moore, p.128] To avoid interference from the various departments of the Navy,
Admiral Momsen proposed to build a submarine as a
practice target for aircraft carriers to practice Anti-submarine Warfare against, and directed the Bureau of Ships to design an unarmed submarine for speed.
The single-screw version was adopted, and construction of an experimental submarine to this design was authorized on 25 November 1950. The hull of the ''Albacore'' utilized
HY-80 high-strength steel
[ with a yield strength of , although this was not initially used to increase the diving depth relative to other American submarines. HY-80 remained the standard submarine steel through the ''Los Angeles'' class. Other components were made from high-tensile steel (HTS).][ This ship was classified as an auxiliary submarine (AGSS-569) and named ''Albacore''. In this instance, AGSS stands for Auxiliary General Submersible Submarine, which for the U.S. Navy meant the first hull of its kind for the fleet.
]
Evaluations
Following preliminary acceptance trials, the new submarine departed Portsmouth on 8 April 1954 for shakedown training. She began the first cycle of a career in which she experimented extensively with a given configuration and then returned to Portsmouth for extensive modifications to evaluate different design concepts, to help the Navy develop better hull configurations for future submarines. On this initial cruise, she operated out of New London, Connecticut
New London is a seaport city and a port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States, located at the outlet of the Thames River (Connecticut), Thames River in New London County, Connecticut, which empties into Long Island Sound. The cit ...
, before sailing for Key West, Florida
Key West is an island in the Straits of Florida, at the southern end of the U.S. state of Florida. Together with all or parts of the separate islands of Sigsbee Park, Dredgers Key, Fleming Key, Sunset Key, and the northern part of Stock Islan ...
, to conduct operations out of that port and in Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...
n waters. She returned to Portsmouth on 3 July for more than a year of trials in cooperation with the David Taylor Model Basin. Throughout these operations, she underwent repairs and modification to eliminate technical problems. It was found during these early sea trials ''Albacore'' could operate at the same maximum speed as the older modernized Guppy-type submarines with half the shaft horsepower.
The submarine departed Portsmouth on 12 October 1955 and sailed via Block Island for Key West, where she arrived on 19 October 1955 to commence antisubmarine warfare evaluation and to provide target services to the Operational Development Force's Surface Antisubmarine Development Detachment. On 4 November 1955, Admiral Arleigh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations
The chief of naval operations (CNO) is the highest-ranking officer of the United States Navy. The position is a statutory office () held by an Admiral (United States), admiral who is a military adviser and deputy to the United States Secretary ...
, embarked on ''Albacore'' for a brief demonstration cruise. Lord Mountbatten accompanied Admiral Burke on the cruise. On 19 November 1955, ''Albacore'' sailed for a rendezvous point off the Bahamas
The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic and island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the Atlantic Ocean. It contains 97 per cent of the archipelago's land area and 88 per cent of ...
where she conducted special operations until 24 November 1955 and then returned to Portsmouth.
From December 1955 to March 1956, ''Albacore'' underwent stern renewal. Until this time, her propeller had been surrounded by the rudder and stern plane control surfaces. With her "new look", she resembled a blimp, with her propeller aft of all control surfaces.
Operation with her new stern configuration started in April 1956, and continued until late in the year. In May, ''Albacore'' visited New York City and participated in the television production ''Wide, Wide World'', during which she submerged, with an underwater camera mounted on her forecastle, the first live telecast of a submarine while diving.
More tests
In November 1956, ''Albacore'' reentered the shipyard for engine conversion. She departed New London on 11 March 1957, for operations out of San Juan, Puerto Rico
San Juan ( , ; Spanish for "Saint John the Baptist, John") is the capital city and most populous Municipalities of Puerto Rico, municipality in the Commonwealth (U.S. insular area), Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the ...
, and Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. The submarine returned to Boston, Massachusetts
Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...
, on 2 April 1957 and operated locally out of Boston and Portsmouth until entering the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard early in 1958 for an overhaul that lasted until June.
The ensuing tests emphasized sound reduction and included extensive evaluation of Aqua-Plas, a sound-damping elastic that had been applied to the ship's superstructure and tank interiors. In October 1958, her bow planes were removed to further reduce noise.[Polmar & Moore, p.130] The submarine ended the year with a fortnight's run to Halifax, Nova Scotia
Halifax is the capital and most populous municipality of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Nova Scotia, and the most populous municipality in Atlantic Canada. As of 2024, it is estimated that the population of the H ...
, and back to serve as a target ship for Canadian warships.
In 1959, a newly designed 14-foot propeller was installed and tested.[ ''Albacore'' sailed south late in May and, after operating in the British West Indies for two weeks, proceeded to Key West to serve as a target for the Surface Antisubmarine Development Detachment. After returning north, she spent much of the remainder of 1959 and most of 1960 undergoing widely varied tests for the David Taylor Model Basin. One of the more unusual tests consisted of evaluating a concave bow sonar dome.
Subsequent post-1959 design went into the ''Barbel''-class submarine design, of which three boats were produced. These three submarines looked generally the same as Albacore, although longer. Only one survives today, the USS ''Blueback'' (SS-581).
]
Reconfigurations
On 21 November 1960, the ship entered Portsmouth for a major overhaul and conversion in which she received: a new, experimental, X-shaped tail for increased control; 10 dive brakes around her hull, a new bow that included modified forward ballast tanks, new sonar systems, and a large auxiliary rudder in the after part of her sail.[ Following the completion of this work in August 1961, she operated along the east coast learning the effect of her new configuration and equipment upon her capabilities and performance.
In 1962, she received a newly developed DIMUS sonar system and, on 7 December 1962, work began on her fourth major conversion that included the installation of concentric contra-rotating propellers, a high-capacity silver zinc battery and a larger main motor.][ New radio equipment, BQS-4 and BQR-2 sonars, an emergency recovery system, and a new main ballast tank blow system were also added. After work was completed in March 1965, ''Albacore'' prepared for deployment to Florida waters to study the results of her changes. This was the second time that she achieved a world record speed for submarine travel, submerged. She returned to Portsmouth on 8 October 1965 and continued to evaluate her capabilities under the new configuration. On 1 August 1966, she reentered the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard to replace the silver-zinc battery and to shorten the distance between the contra-rotating propellers — work that lasted into August 1967.
Standardization and machinery tests in the Gulf of Maine during September were followed by evaluation of towed sonar arrays off Port Everglades, in October and November, followed by acoustics trials in the Tongue of the Ocean, a deep channel in the central ]Bahamas
The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an archipelagic and island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the Atlantic Ocean. It contains 97 per cent of the archipelago's land area and 88 per cent of its population. ...
.
On 1 January 1968, the submarine returned to Portsmouth for a modification of her propulsion system that kept her in the navy yard until 19 April. Following a month of trials in the Gulf of Maine, she headed south for evaluation of her new MONOB I and AUTEC systems and of Fly-Around-Body (FAB) Phase I equipment in the Tongue of the Ocean. She returned to Portsmouth on 24 August 1968 for AUTEC de-instrumentation and installation of FAB Phase II equipment. Following evaluation of this new gear in the Gulf of Maine, the ''Albacore'' returned to Portsmouth on 30 September and entered reduced operating status pending the results of further studies on the feasibility of using her thereafter for further research.
The sub remained mostly inactive until 2 February 1970, when she began an overhaul in drydock and modifications to prepare her for Project SURPASS, researching the use of polymer
A polymer () is a chemical substance, substance or material that consists of very large molecules, or macromolecules, that are constituted by many repeat unit, repeating subunits derived from one or more species of monomers. Due to their br ...
mixed with fresh water to reduce drag,[ sponsored by the Naval Ship Research and Development Center at Carderock, Maryland. The ship left drydock on 16 April 1971, commenced sea trials on 22 July 1971, and completed them in August 1971. Early in October, she operated off ]Provincetown, Massachusetts
Provincetown () is a New England town located at the extreme tip of Cape Cod in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, in the United States. A small coastal resort town with a year-round population of 3,664 as of the 2020 United States census, Provi ...
, to calibrate her sonar and radar equipment.
Decommissioning
After frequent engine failures had caused repeated delays in her operations, her deployment in support of Project SURPASS was canceled, and preparations for her deactivation were begun. She used the General Motors
General Motors Company (GM) is an American Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, United States. The company is most known for owning and manufacturing f ...
EMD 16-338 lightweight, compact, high-speed "pancake" Diesel engine. These had also been used on the , but were replaced on them due to problems, and their pancake engines were used as spare parts. The engines were not replaced on ''Albacore'' due to space constraints. The unreliability of the engines and lack of spares led to the decommissioning of ''Albacore'' as further cannibalized parts became unavailable.
A dockside retirement ceremony was held at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard on 1 September 1972, attended by Rear Adm. J. Edward Snyder, who delivered comments on behalf of Robert A. Frosch, Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research and Development, referring to ''Albacore'' as "the submarine that gave its body to science." ''Albacore'' was decommissioned on 9 December 1972 and laid up at the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility in the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register
The ''Naval Vessel Register'' (NVR) is the official inventory of ships and service craft in custody of or titled by the United States Navy. It contains information on ships and service craft that make up the official inventory of the Navy from t ...
on 1 May 1980.
Phases
Operational history of the ''Albacore'' consisted of five phases (and an unrealized sixth phase):
* Phase I / project SCB 56 (December 1953 to December 1955)
** Bow planes, control surfaces aft of propeller, 11-foot diameter propeller, dorsal rudder
* Phase II / SCB 182 (March 1956 to November 1960)
** Control surfaces forward of propeller, 14-foot diameter propeller, dorsal rudder removed
* Phase III / SCB 182A (August 1961 to December 1962)
** X-stern, dive brakes, larger dorsal rudder
* Phase IV (March 1965 to February 1970)
** Aft pressure hull enlarged and surrounding ballast tanks eliminated to accommodate two main propulsion motors, contra-rotating propellers, silver zinc battery
* Phase V (April 1971 to September 1972)
** Bow and amidships polymer ejection manifolds and sail seawater intake scoop for Project SURPASS
* Phase VI (unrealized)
** Hull would be lengthened 12-feet to accommodate larger, more reliable diesels
Legacy
A non-profit group, the Portsmouth Submarine Memorial Association, was formed to bring the ''Albacore'' back to Portsmouth and place her on permanent display, designed to be on dry land so the entire submarine would be visible. The ''Albacore'' was towed back to Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in April 1984, by an Army Reserve tugboat
A tugboat or tug is a marine vessel that manoeuvres other vessels by pushing or pulling them, with direct contact or a tow line. These boats typically tug ships in circumstances where they cannot or should not move under their own power, suc ...
in a journey of that took 70 hours.
In May 1985, she was moved across Portsmouth Harbor to a permanent display site.[ The move was difficult, as a railway trestle had to be removed and a temporary cut, large enough to float her through, had to be made across a four-lane road.][ During the move, the ''Albacore'' struck bottom three times, followed by a catastrophic derailment of the temporary marine railway that had been constructed to bring her out of the water.][ The ''Albacore'' was left grounded in mud, short of her final resting place.][ Months later, a temporary ]cofferdam
A cofferdam is an enclosure built within a body of water to allow the enclosed area to be pumped out or drained. This pumping creates a dry working environment so that the work can be carried out safely. Cofferdams are commonly used for constru ...
was constructed, she was re-floated, and on 3 October 1985, she was successfully placed in her permanent display cradle.[ After significant volunteer work to prepare her for display, the ''Albacore'' opened to the public on 30 August 1986.][
''Albacore''s service as an active experimental submersible for more than two decades steadily increased the Navy's knowledge of both theoretical and applied hydrodynamics, which it used in designing faster, quieter, more maneuverable and safer submarines. The Navy's effort to build hulls capable of optimum operation while submerged was wedded to its nuclear propulsion program in the submarine ''Skipjack'', which was laid down in the spring of 1956, and these two concepts have complemented each other in the design of all of the Navy's subsequent submarines.
''Albacore'' is located at Albacore Park, 600 Market Street, ]Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Portsmouth is a city in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. At the 2020 United States census, 2020 census it had a population of 21,956. A historic seaport and popular summer tourist destination on ...
, and is open to the public. At this time, the Visitors Center at the USS Albacore Museum is under construction to expand their exhibit space. Inside the current Visitor Center, there is a small exhibit space that includes information regarding the USS Albacore, the USS Dolphin, the USS Thresher, and other maritime histories. The new portion of the Visitor Center is going to be a combination of maritime history of the Piscataqua region and submarine history covering the diesel age into the nuclear revolution. This means that the exhibit space in the original museum is going to focus entirely on the USS Albacore and her history. Artifacts from the USS Albacore Museum's Archive are going to be on display for the first time in some instances and will serve to expand the knowledge and history of the USS Albacore. She is listed on the National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government's official United States National Register of Historic Places listings, list of sites, buildings, structures, Hist ...
and was designated a National Historic Landmark
A National Historic Landmark (NHL) is a National Register of Historic Places property types, building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the Federal government of the United States, United States government f ...
on 11 April 1989.[ and ] In 2005, the United States Submarine Veterans of World War II inducted the ''Albacore'' into the Submarine Hall of Fame. In 2016, the basin area around the submarine at Albacore Park was completely reconstructed.
Image gallery
Exterior views
File:Uss albacore 03-2006.jpg, Permanent display, March 2006
File:USS Albacore (2018) 09.jpg, Permanent display, April 2018
File:USS Albacore (2018) 13.jpg, View from the stern
File:USS Albacore (2018) 12.jpg, Sail detail
File:USS Albacore (2018) 03.jpg, X-stern and dual propellers
File:USS Albacore (2018) 06.jpg, Tour entrance
File:USS Albacore (2018) props.jpg, Propeller display
File:IMG_1258USS_Albacore_(2018)_museum.jpg, Museum & gift shop
Interior views
File:Communications station more controls.JPG, Communication station
File:Hull openings and vent controls.JPG, Control panel
File:Depth control?.JPG, Sonar station
File:Steering section.JPG, Control station
File:USS Albacore periscope and navigation table.jpg, Periscope
File:Bunks and lockers.JPG, Bunks and lockers
File:2008-08-30 13-30-54 (USS Albacore).jpg, Crew area
File:Kitchen area opposite side.JPG, Galley
File:Engine room.JPG, Engine room
File:2008-08-30 13-35-25 (USS Albacore).jpg, Hatch
See also
*
* USS Barbel (SS-580)
USS ''Barbel'' (SS-580) was the lead ship of Barbel-class submarine, her class of submarines in the United States Navy. She was the second Navy ship named for the Barbus barbus, barbel, a cyprinoid fish, commonly called a Leuciscinae, minnow ...
Lead boat of a class of 3. First Diesel-powered attack submarine with a teardrop hull, armed version of Albacore.
* USS Blueback (SS-581) Last conventionally-powered attack submarine in service with the U.S. Navy. Museum ship, OMSI Museum, Portland, Oregon. Used in '' The Hunt for Red October'' movie
* USS Bonefish (SS-582) Last conventionally powered submarine built for the US Navy. Laid after Blueback but launched and commissioned before.
Other U.S. Navy research submarines:
* Midget submarine ''X-1''
* USS ''Dolphin''
* Nuclear research submarine ''NR-1''
References
Sources
*
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*
Further reading
;Historical
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*
*
*
;Contemporary
*
External links
USSAlbacore.org
Albacore Museum and Park
from Portsmouthnh.com
*
Photos on board the Submarine USS ''Albacore'' in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
{{DEFAULTSORT:Albacore (Agss-569)
Submarines of the United States Navy
Cold War submarines of the United States
Ships built in Kittery, Maine
1953 ships
Museum ships in New Hampshire
National Historic Landmarks in New Hampshire
Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Museums in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Portsmouth, New Hampshire