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The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
from 1925 to 1991. It united the country's leading scientists and was subordinated directly to the
Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( rus, Совет министров СССР, r=Sovet Ministrov SSSR, p=sɐˈvʲet mʲɪˈnʲistrəf ˌɛsˌɛsˌɛsˈɛr), sometimes abbreviated as Sovmin or referred to as the ...
(until 1946 the
Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union The Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union was the highest collegial body of executive and administrative authority of the Soviet Union from 1923 to 1946. As the government of the Soviet Union, the Council of People's Commissars of ...
). In 1991, by the decree of the President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the
Russian Academy of Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such ...
was established on the basis of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.


History


Creation of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union

The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was formed by a resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union dated July 27, 1925, on the basis of the Russian Academy of Sciences (before the
February Revolution The February Revolution (), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution or February Coup was the first of Russian Revolution, two revolutions which took place in Russia ...
– the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences). In the first years of Soviet Russia, the Institute of the Academy of Sciences was perceived rather ambiguously as a closed and elite scientific education. However, in 1918, after negotiations with the then leadership of the Academy of Sciences, which had already been renamed from "Imperial" to "Russian", cooperation began with the new government. The financing of the academy was entrusted to the
People's Commissariat for Education The People's Commissariat for Education (or Narkompros; , directly translated as the "People's Commissariat for Enlightenment") was the Soviet agency charged with the administration of public education and most other issues related to culture. In 1 ...
and the Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Scientists. In 1925, its 200th anniversary was solemnly celebrated. A new charter was adopted for this date. The first president of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the well-known scientist, geologist
Alexander Karpinsky Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky (, trl. Aljeksandr Pjetrovič Karpinskij; 7 January 1847 O.S. 26 December 1846">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 26 December 1846– 15 July 1936) was a pr ...
, who previously held the presidency of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Attempts to establish state and party control over the previously independent Academy began in the mid-1920s: in 1925 the academy was subordinated to the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, in 1928, under pressure from the authorities, a number of new
Communist Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, di ...
members were elected to it. In January 1929, the academicians defiantly failed the three Communist candidates,
Vladimir Fritsche Vladimir Maksimovich Fritsche (Russian: Владимир Максимович Фриче; 27 October O.S.">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.15 October] 1870 – 4 September 1929) was a Russia ...
, Nikolai Lukin and
Abram Deborin Abram Moiseyevich Deborin (Ioffe) (; , Upyna, Kovno Governorate – 8 March 1963, Moscow) was a Soviet Marxism, Marxist philosopher and academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1929). Deborin oscillated between The Bolsheviks, Bo ...
, who were running for the Academy of Sciences, but already in February, under conditions of extreme pressure, they were forced to reconsider their decision. In 1929, a government commission headed by Yuri Petrovich Figatner was sent to Leningrad to "cleanse" the academy. In June–December 1929, by its decision, 128 full-time employees (out of 960) and 520 supernumerals (out of 830) were dismissed from the Academy of Sciences.
Sergey Oldenburg Sergey Fyodorovich Oldenburg (; – 28 February 1934) was a Russian orientalism, orientalist who specialized in Buddhism, Buddhist studies. He was a disciple of Ivan Minayev, the founder of Russian Indology. Biography Sergey Feodorovitch Old ...
was removed from the post of the permanent secretary of the academy at the end of October 1929, defending her independence. After that, the party-state bodies established full control over the academy. A new Presidium of the Academy of Sciences was elected. Even before this, on February 25, 1929, the
Politburo A politburo () or political bureau is the highest organ of the central committee in communist parties. The term is also sometimes used to refer to similar organs in socialist and Islamist parties, such as the UK Labour Party's NEC or the Poli ...
issued a special decision: to leave Alexander Karpinsky as president,
Gleb Krzhizhanovsky Gleb Maksimilianovich Krzhizhanovsky (; 24 January Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 12 January1872 – 31 March 1959) was a Soviet Union">Soviet scientist, statesman, revolutionary, Old Bol ...
,
Nikolai Marr Nikolai Yakovlevich Marr (, ''Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr''; , ''Nikoloz Iak'obis dze Mari''; — 20 December 1934) was a Georgian-born historian and linguist who gained a reputation as a scholar of the Caucasus during the 1910s before embarking o ...
, and Vladimir Komarov as vice-presidents, and
Vyacheslav Volgin Vyacheslav Petrovich Volgin (; 14 June O.S. 2 June">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 2 June1879 – 3 July 1962) was a Soviet and Russian historian who wrote a number of books on early forms ...
as the permanent secretary. Thus, for the first time in the practice of the Academy of Sciences, its leading core was directively appointed at a meeting of the highest party body with subsequent automatic approval at the General Assembly, and this also became a precedent for subsequent practice. During the period from December 1929 to December 1930, over 100 people were arrested under the "Academic Case" (mainly experts in the humanities, primarily historians). In February – April 1930, a new charter of the Academy of Sciences was developed and approved. The development of the project was entrusted to an academic commission approved by the plenary session of the Committee for the Management of Scientists and Educational Institutions of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union, headed by
Vyacheslav Volgin Vyacheslav Petrovich Volgin (; 14 June O.S. 2 June">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 2 June1879 – 3 July 1962) was a Soviet and Russian historian who wrote a number of books on early forms ...
. The first meeting of the commission to draw up a charter and reorganize the Academy of Sciences was held on February 28, 1930. The draft of the new charter was discussed and approved by the session of the Academy of Sciences on March 31 – April 5, 1930, and it approved the first work plan of the Academy of Sciences for 1931–1932. On April 4, 1930, the charter was adopted at the General Assembly. In 1930, in connection with the reorganization of the Soviet government, the Academy of Sciences was transferred to the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. By the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union of December 14, 1933 "On the transfer of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union to the competence of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union" (before that, it was subordinated to the committee for the management of scientists and educational institutions of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union).


Relocation of the organization to Moscow and further development

In 1934, the Presidium of the academy and 14 scientific institutes were transferred from
Leningrad Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...
(formerly and now
St. Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city had a population of 5,601, ...
) to Moscow (On April 25, 1934, Vyacheslav Molotov signed the corresponding decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union). As Felix Perchenok noted, "the transfer of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union to Moscow – one of the most important steps towards turning it into the headquarters of Soviet science – was carried out in a fire order". In 1935, the permanent secretary of the academy,
Vyacheslav Volgin Vyacheslav Petrovich Volgin (; 14 June O.S. 2 June">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 2 June1879 – 3 July 1962) was a Soviet and Russian historian who wrote a number of books on early forms ...
, wrote a letter to
Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Dzhugashvili; 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin, his death in 1953. He held power as General Secret ...
asking for his release from the position of permanent secretary. In the letter, he stressed that he alone was doing the difficult work of an indispensable secretary all the time, while other members of the party group only "threw out ideas", sometimes useful, sometimes fantastic. For five years in this post, Volgin not only could not continue his scientific work, but could not even read books in his specialty, could not follow the development of his science. "Meanwhile", he adds, "I was considered in the well-known narrow field as the best expert on the subject". "I'm already 56 years old", Vyacheslav Petrovich continues, "and there is not much time left for science. A few more years – and I will not be able to return to science". Moreover, in a letter to Stalin, he noted that in the party group, he no longer feels the former positive assessment of his work. On August 8, 1935, at a meeting of the Politburo, it was proposed to release Vyacheslav Volgin from the post of permanent secretary of the academy. On November 20, 1935, by resolution of the general meeting of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, he was thanked for his work in the governing bodies of the Academy of Sciences and freed from the duties of an indispensable secretary. His place was taken by the former affairs manager of the Council of People's Commissars
Nikolai Gorbunov Nikolai Petrovich Gorbunov (; 21 June 1892 – 7 September 1938) was a Soviet politician, chemist, engineer and academic; at one time personal secretary to leader Vladimir Lenin. Biography Born in Krasnoye Selo, in Saint Petersburg, his paren ...
. By the decree of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union dated June 26, 1937, this position was abolished altogether, and since that time administrative officers have performed the duties of secretaries. On January 1, 1937, in the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was: * 88 – full members (academicians); * 4,108 – scientific and scientific-technical employees (on October 1, 1937). From 1945 to 1970, the total number of researchers (including faculty and research personnel of higher education) increased more than sevenfold: from 130 thousand to 950 thousand people. One of the notable figures of this time was the economist
Lev Gatovsky Lev Markovich Gatovsky (Russian: Лев Маркович Гатовский; 26 July 1903 – 18 April 1997) was a Soviet Union, Soviet economist, being one of the first who tried to create a theoretical framework in which to understand the natu ...
, which became director of the Institute of Economics of the academy from 1965 to 1971. In 1980 and 1985, the total number of research workers was already 1.4 and 1.5 million, respectively. The total number of scientific, scientific, pedagogical, design and design organizations of various types from 1945 to 1985 also increased steadily and amounted in the Soviet Union as a whole to 1,700, 5,300, and 5,100 successively in 1945, 1970 and 1985. By 1985, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union had:Gabriel Khromov
"Russian Academy of Sciences: history, myths and reality".
"Domestic Notes", 2002, № 7.
* 274 – full members (academicians); * 542 – corresponding members; * about 330 scientific institutions; * 57,000 scientists and researchers, with a total number of employees in all institutions 217 thousand people. For its achievements, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was twice awarded the
Order of Lenin The Order of Lenin (, ) was an award named after Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the October Revolution. It was established by the Central Executive Committee on 6 April 1930. The order was the highest civilian decoration bestowed by the Soviet ...
: in 1969 and 1974.


Branches and bases of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union

In 1932, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union organized its first branches – the Ural and the Far East – and research bases – the Kazakh and Tajik. In 1933, the Transcaucasian branch was established with branches in Armenia and Azerbaijan, and in 1934, the Kola Research Base. In 1935, Azerbaijan, and in 1936 the Armenian branch of the Transcaucasian branch were transformed into independent branches of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Northern Base appeared, in 1939 the Uzbek Base, and in 1941, on the eve of
the Great Patriotic War The Eastern Front, also known as the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the German–Soviet War in modern Germany and Ukraine, was a theatre of World War II fought between the European Axis powers and Al ...
, the Turkmen branch. By the end of 1941, the Academy of Sciences had 7 branches (Azerbaijan, Armenian, Kazakh, Tajik, Turkmen, Uzbek, and Ural), two research bases (Kola and North), and one mountain taiga station. The scientific institutions of the branches and bases of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union at that time had about 1,500 scientific and technical workers, including 12 academicians, 11 corresponding members, 126 doctors, 284 candidates of science, 610 scientists without a scientific degree.


Reorganization after the collapse of the Soviet Union

In connection with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the scientific institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, located in the former Soviet republics and which were part of the academies of sciences of the Union republics, became part of the new independent states. Only the Russian Federation did not have its own Academy of Sciences during the Soviet Union despite the fact that 98% of the scientific institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union were in the Russian Federation, and 95% of the members of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union worked and lived in the Russian Federation.From what tribe did the Russian Academy of Sciences go?
/ref> In fact, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the Russian Academy of Sciences. On November 21, 1991, on the initiative of Russian academicians, a presidential decree was signed to create the
Russian Academy of Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such ...
, according to which all members of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, including those living in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, automatically became members of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All buildings, large scientific instruments, vessels, scientific equipment and other state property that was in the use and disposal of institutions and organizations of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union located in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic were transferred to the ownership of the Russian Academy of Sciences.Presidential Decree of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of November 21, 1991 No. 228 "On the organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences"
/ref> In December 1991, elections to the Russian Academy of Sciences were held, and the scientists who took part in these elections, together with the full members of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, constituted the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1992, the International Association of Academies of Sciences was established.


Targets and goals

The objectives of the activities of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union were to promote the full implementation of scientific advances in the practice of communist construction in the USSR; identification and development of the most important and fundamental areas of science. Coordination was also conducted through regional offices and republican academies of sciences.Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union / Mstislav Keldysh // A – Engob. – Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969. – (Great Soviet Encyclopedia: n 30 volumes/ editor-in-chief Alexander Prokhorov; 1969–1978, volume 1). The research activity of the academy was conducted in a network of institutes, laboratories, observatories. The network of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union included 295 scientific institutions.Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union as of 1989
/ref> The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union had its own
publishing house Publishing is the activities of making information, literature, music, software, and other content, physical or digital, available to the public for sale or free of charge. Traditionally, the term publishing refers to the creation and distribu ...
, a research fleet, a network of libraries. The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union awarded awards to scientists who have made significant contributions to the development of science. ;Awards established by the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union * Gold Medal named after Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was the highest award of the academy. Annually, two prizes were awarded to scientists (one Soviet and one foreign) for achievements in the natural and social sciences. * Leonard Euler Gold Medal was an award for outstanding results in mathematics and physics. * Karl Marx Gold Medal was a prize awarded once every three years to Soviet and foreign scientists for outstanding work in the field of social sciences. * Vernadsky Gold Medal was an award for outstanding scientific work in the field of earth sciences. * Vavilov Gold Medal was an award for outstanding scientific work in the field of physics. * Mendeleev Gold Medal was an award for outstanding scientific work in the field of chemical science and technology. * Keldysh Gold Medal was the award for outstanding work in the field of applied mathematics and mechanics. * Pavlov Gold Medal was a reward for outstanding work in the field of physiology of higher nervous activity and visceral systems. *
Andronov Prize The Andronov Prize is a Soviet and Russian mathematics prize, awarded for outstanding works in the classical mechanics and control theory. It is named after the Soviet physicist and member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences Alexander Alexandrovich ...
was awarded for outstanding works in the classical mechanics and control theory


Composition and structure


Number of members

On January 1, 1936 the Academy of Sciences had 98 active members. In 1989, the academy consisted of: * 323 active members; * 586 corresponding members; * 138 foreign members.


Governing bodies

The organs of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union were formed exclusively on an electoral basis. The supreme body is the General Meeting of Academicians and Corresponding Members. To guide the academy in the periods between sessions of the General Assembly, it elects every 4 years the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. Presidents of the Academy of Sciences in the Soviet period: * 1917–1936 –
Alexander Karpinsky Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky (, trl. Aljeksandr Pjetrovič Karpinskij; 7 January 1847 O.S. 26 December 1846">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 26 December 1846– 15 July 1936) was a pr ...
; * 1936–1945 –
Vladimir Komarov Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov (, ; 16 March 1927 – 24 April 1967) was a Soviet test pilot, aerospace engineer, and cosmonaut. In October 1964, he commanded Voskhod 1, the first spaceflight to carry more than one crew member. He became the f ...
; * 1945–1951 – Sergey Vavilov; * 1951–1961 –
Alexander Nesmeyanov Alexander Nikolayevich Nesmeyanov (; – 17 January 1980) was a Soviet chemist and academician (1943) specializing in organometallic chemistry. Biography He was born in Moscow. He had two brothers Vasily (1904) and Andrei (1911) and a sister Ta ...
; * 1961–1975 –
Mstislav Keldysh Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh (; – 24 June 1978) was a Soviet mathematician who worked as an engineer in the Soviet space program. He was the academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1946), President of the Academy of Sc ...
; * 1975–1986 – Anatoly Alexandrov; * 1986–1991 –
Gury Marchuk Gury Ivanovich Marchuk (; 8 June 1925 – 24 March 2013) was a Soviet and Russian scientist in the fields of computational mathematics, and physics of atmosphere. Academician (since 1968); the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 198 ...
.


Structure

The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union consisted of fourteen (from 1956) republican academies (the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Russian Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the labo ...
did not have its own academy)The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, the Academy of Sciences of the Union Republics and branch academies.
/ref> and three regional branches in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic:
Siberian Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states si ...
(1957), Far Eastern (1987) and Ural (1987). The academy was also divided into sections, each with its own departments: * Section of Physical, Technical and Mathematical Sciences. Departments: mathematics, general physics and astronomy, nuclear physics, physical and technical problems of energy, mechanics and control processes. * Section of Chemical, Technological and Biological Sciences. Departments: general and technical chemistry; physical chemistry and technology of inorganic materials; biochemistry, biophysics and chemistry of physiologically active compounds; physiology; general biology. * Section of Earth Sciences. Departments: geology, geophysics and geochemistry; oceanology, atmospheric physics, geography. * Section of Social Sciences. Departments: history; philosophy and law; economy; literature and language.


Commissions of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union

*
Archaeographic Commission The Archaeographic Commission (Археографическая комиссия) was set up in St. Petersburg in 1834 by Platon Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, Nikolay Gerasimovich Ustryalov, Nikolay Ustryalov, and Pavel Stroyev with the aim of publishing h ...
; * Transcaucasian Commission – work around
Lake Sevan Lake Sevan () is the largest body of water in both Armenia and the Caucasus region. It is one of the largest freshwater Alpine lake, high-altitude (alpine) lakes in Eurasia. The lake is situated in Gegharkunik Province, at an altitude of abov ...
; * Polar Commission – work on the island of
Novaya Zemlya Novaya Zemlya (, also , ; , ; ), also spelled , is an archipelago in northern Russia. It is situated in the Arctic Ocean, in the extreme northeast of Europe, with Cape Flissingsky, on the northern island, considered the extreme points of Europe ...
; * Nuclear Commission; * Commission on bases of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union; * Commission on the study of natural productive forces; * Commission for the integrated study of the Caspian Sea; * Expeditionary Research Commission; * Commission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of the Soviet Union and Neighboring Countries;Scientific works: Commission for the study of the tribal composition of the population of the USSR and neighboring countries
1927.
* Permanent Historical Commission; * Mudflow Commission; * Uranium Commission; and others.


Criticism

Critics noted that, despite the broadest powers and formal responsibility for the state and development of all science in the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
, during its existence, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union did not come up with any serious project reforming Soviet science.


Recognition

;Filmography
"Country and Science." Documentary.
Central Studio for Documentary Film Russian Central Studio of Documentary Film () was a Russian film studio, founded in 1927. It was the largest Soviet newsreel and documentary cinematography studio. It is headquartered in Moscow. History Studio traced its history from 1927, when a ...
. 1974. 50 minutes. ;In philately Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
" class="center"> File:1925_lomonosov_3k_text.jpg, 3
kopeck The kopeck or kopek is or was a coin or a currency unit of a number of countries in Eastern Europe closely associated with the economy of Russia. It is usually the smallest denomination within a currency system; 100 kopeks are worth 1 ruble o ...
postage stamp of the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
, 1925: 200 years of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
File:Stamp_of_USSR_0976.jpg, 30 kopeck postage stamp of the Soviet Union, 1945: 220 years of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union File:Stamp_of_USSR_0977.jpg, 3
rouble The ruble or rouble (; rus, рубль, p=rublʲ) is a currency unit. Currently, currencies named ''ruble'' in circulation include the Russian ruble (RUB, ₽) in Russia and the Belarusian ruble (BYN, Rbl) in Belarus. These currencies are s ...
postage stamp of the Soviet Union, 1945: 220 years of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
File:Stamp_of_USSR_1862.jpg, 25 kopeck postage stamp of the Soviet Union, 1955: building of the first-ever nuclear power plant of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union File:Stamp_of_USSR_1864.jpg, 1 rouble postage stamp of the Soviet Union, 1955: building of the first-ever nuclear power plant of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union File:1974_CPA_4315.jpg, 3 kopeck postage stamp of the Soviet Union, 1974: 250 years of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union


See also

*
USSR Academy of Medical Sciences The USSR Academy of Medical Sciences () was the highest scientific and medical organization founded in the Soviet Union founded in 1944. Its successor is the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences founded in 1992, and is a part of the Russian Academy ...
*
Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences VASKhNIL (), the acronym for the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences or the V.I. Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (), was the Soviet Union's academy dedicated to agricultural sciences, operating from 1929 to the dissolution of ...
* USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House


Sources

* Documents on the history of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union: 1917–1925. / Compiled by Tryaskina. – Leningrad: Nauka, 1986. * Autographs of scientists at the Archives of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union – Leningrad: Science, 1978. * The Academy of Sciences in the decisions of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) – the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) – the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. – Moscow, 2000. * ''Anatoly Koltsov''. Development of the Academy of Sciences as the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union. 1926–1932. – Leningrad: Science, 1982. * ''Gennady Komkov, Boris Levshin, Lev Semenov''. Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union: A brief historical essay. – Moscow: Science, 1974. * ''Anna Lahno''
Functions of the indispensable secretary of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union: On the example of the activities of Academician Vyacheslav Volgin
// Public administration. Electronic messenger. – 2009. – No. 21. – ISSSN 2070–1381. * Materials on the history of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union during the Soviet period: 1917–1947. – Moscow, 1950. * International scientific relations of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. 1917–1941 / Compiled by Pantsyrev. – Moscow: Science, 1992. * 220 years of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Reference book. – Moscow – Leningrad, 1945. * Zinaida Sokolovskaya, Alexander Yanshin. History of the Academy of Sciences of Russia in the books of the series of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Scientific and biographical literature" // Questions of the history of science and technology. – 1999. – No. 3. * The tragic fate: repressed scientists of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. – Moscow, 1995. * ''Vyacheslav Tyutyunnik, Tatiana Fedotova''. Gold medals and nominal awards of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union: bibliography. – Tambov, 1988. * Charters of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1724–1999. – Moscow, 1999.


References


External links

* * ''
Sergey Oldenburg Sergey Fyodorovich Oldenburg (; – 28 February 1934) was a Russian orientalism, orientalist who specialized in Buddhism, Buddhist studies. He was a disciple of Ivan Minayev, the founder of Russian Indology. Biography Sergey Feodorovitch Old ...
''
Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
// Great Soviet Encyclopedia: in 66 volumes (65 volumes and 1 additional) / editor-in-chief Otto Schmidt. – Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1926–1947. * ''
Yury Osipov Yury Sergeyevich Osipov (; born 7 July 1936) is a Soviet and Russian mathematician. He was elected a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union in 1987 and was a president of its successor, the Russian Academy of Sciences from 17 ...
''
Academy of Sciences in the history of the Russian state
Moscow: Science, 1999 * ''Boris Kaganovich''
The beginning of the tragedy
// Zvezda. 1994. No. 12.
List of repressed members of the Academy of Science of the Soviet Union
{{Authority control Scientific organizations established in 1925 Organizations disestablished in 1991 National academies USSR Academy of Sciences