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United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874 was adopted unanimously by the United Nations Security Council on 12 June 2009.Security Council imposes tougher sanctions on DPR Korea
UN News Centre. June 12, 2009.
The resolution, passed under Chapter VII, Article 41, of the UN Charter, imposes further economic and commercial sanctions on the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu (Amnok) and ...
(the DPRK, or North Korea) and encourages UN
member states A member state is a state that is a member of an international organization or of a federation or confederation. Since the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) include some members that are not sovereign states ...
to search North Korean cargo, in the aftermath of an underground nuclear test conducted on 25 May 2009.


Provisions

The provisions of the resolution include: * Authorizing member states to inspect, "in accordance with their national authorities and legislation, and consistent with international law", North Korean cargo on land, sea, and air, and to destroy any goods suspected of being connected to the DPRK's nuclear programme. * Requiring the North Korean government to return immediately to the six-party talks and renounce its announcement of withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. * Preventing financial services that could contribute to the nuclear or ballistic missile related programmes.Key excerpts from U. N. North Korea resolution
Reuters. June 12, 2009.
* Instructing member states not to provide financial assistance to the DPRK nuclear programme, or enter into loans with the country, except for
humanitarian Humanitarianism is an active belief in the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans to reduce suffering and improve the conditions of humanity for moral, altruistic, and emotional ...
or developmental reasons. * Extending the
arms embargo An arms embargo is a restriction or a set of sanctions that applies either solely to weaponry or also to "dual-use technology." An arms embargo may serve one or more purposes: * to signal disapproval of the behavior of a certain actor * to maintain ...
on North Korea by banning all weapons exports from the country and most imports, with an exception to
small arms A firearm is any type of gun designed to be readily carried and used by an individual. The term is legally defined further in different countries (see Legal definitions). The first firearms originated in 10th-century China, when bamboo tubes c ...
, light weapons and related material – though member states must notify the Security Council five days prior to selling the weapons.North Korea resolution: key points
'' The Daily Telegraph''. June 12, 2009.
* Demanding that North Korea halt its nuclear weapons program and conduct no further nuclear or missile tests. * Asking member states to notify the Council of steps they are taking to implement the sanctions within 45 days.UN Security Council adopts resolution expanding sanctions on DPRK
. Xinhua. June 13, 2009.
* Affirming the Security Council's commitment to a peaceful, diplomatic resolution to the situation.


Adoption

Adopting the resolution unanimously, the Council condemned the nuclear test which was in "violation and flagrant disregard" of previous Council resolutions
1695 It was also a particularly cold and wet year. Contemporary records claim that wine froze in the glasses in the Palace of Versailles. Events January–March * January 7 (December 28, 1694 O.S.) – The United Kingdom's last joint monarch ...
and
1718 Events January – March * January 7 – In India, Sufi rebel leader Shah Inayat Shaheed from Sindh who had led attacks against the Mughal Empire, is beheaded days after being tricked into meeting with the Mughals to discus ...
. The resolution is now binding under international law.UN toughens North Korea sanctions
BBC News Online. June 12, 2009


Security Council permanent members

* : Ambassador Zhang Yesui said China voted in favor of the resolution as actions by North Korea were in "disregard for the international community’s common objective". However, he stressed that the diplomatic means should be employed rather than merely imposing sanctions, and the resolution should not "adversely impact the country’s development, or humanitarian assistance to it".Text of resolution
UN Press Centre
He also urged against the use of force when inspecting North Korean cargo.Charbonneau, Louis; Parsons, Claudia (June 12, 2009)
U.N. council expands sanctions against North Korea
">sanctions against North Korea">U.N. council expands sanctions against North Korea
Reuters.
* : Ambassador Jean-Maurice Ripert remarked that the DPRK had been "engaged in a secret nuclear programme" which increased its threat. He said that the country had increased tensions in the region by firing missiles and the Security Council had responded to that by imposing tough sanctions on the regime, though he mentioned that the Council was concerned about the population. * : Permanent Representative Vitaly Churkin said the measures adopted were "substantive and targeted in nature", and "clearly tied to ending the DPRK programme to create nuclear missiles". He insisted the sanctions did not target the North Korean people, which was a key issue with his delegation. He also insisted that any sanctions be lifted once North Korea cooperates. * : Deputy Ambassador Philip Parham said the adoption of the resolution shows that "the international community is united in condemning North Korea's proliferation activities".Aziakou, Gerard (June 12, 2009)
Security Council adopts tougher NKorea sanctions
Agence France-Presse Agence France-Presse (AFP) is a French international news agency headquartered in Paris, France. Founded in 1835 as Havas, it is the world's oldest news agency. AFP has regional headquarters in Nicosia, Montevideo, Hong Kong and Washington, D.C ...
.
* : Envoy Rosemary DiCarlo said that the resolution created "markedly stronger sanctions" against Pyongyang to persuade it to abandon its nuclear weapons program. This was followed by U.S. Ambassador to the UN
Susan Rice Susan Elizabeth Rice (born November 17, 1964) is an American diplomat, policy advisor, and public official serving as Director of the United States Domestic Policy Council since 2021. A member of the Democratic Party, Rice served as the 27th ...
who claimed the resolution was "unprecedented" and has "teeth that will bite". The resolution was a "strong and united international response" to the testing of the nuclear device.


Security Council elected members

* : Ambassador Thomas Mayr-Harting said the resolution was a "clear, appropriate and unequivocal" response to North Korea's actions. He called for the country to rejoin the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). *: Deputy Representative Paul Robert Tiendrébéogo supported the resolution emphasising his country's aspiration for a nuclear-free world and the right to peaceful use of nuclear energy. He called on North Korea to cooperate with the
International Atomic Energy Agency The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. It was established in 1957 ...
, six-party talks and other institutions stressing that the country should "choose dialogue". * : Ambassador Ranko Vilović mentioned that the sanctions were not targeted towards the North Korean population, but called on North Korea to accede to the CTBT and six-party talks. * : Permanent Representative Jorge Urbina echoed the views of the rest of the Council, and urged the country to return to international systems of dialogue. * : Permanent Representative
Yukio Takasu is a Japanese diplomat and the former United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Management. Previously, he was the Special Adviser on Human Security to the United Nations Secretary-General. Takasu also served as Advisor to the Japanese Foreign Min ...
welcomed the resolution, describing the DPRK's actions as an "irresponsible act" which constituted a threat to his country. He hoped the resolution adopted would change the actions of North Korea. The
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
ese Prime Minister Taro Aso also urged North Korea to take the resolution "seriously". * : Permanent Representative
Abdurrahman Mohamed Shalgham Abdel Rahman Shalgam (Arabic: عبد الرحمن شلقم; born 22 January 1949) is a Libyan politician. He was Foreign Minister of Libya from 2000 to 2009. Early life Shalgam was born in the village of Ahlgrevh in southern Libya to a respectab ...
said the world would not enjoy security until all nuclear weapons were eliminated. He said the international community had failed to reward Libya for ceasing its nuclear programme and hoped similar sanctions would be applied to Israel. Shalgham also said that while his country did not normally support sanctions which harm the population, in this case this was the best way forward to bring about a solution to the situation. * : Ambassador Claude Heller said the resolution was a "clear message" that North Korea's actions were unacceptable to the international community. He remarked that recent actions by the DPRK were in violation of Security Council resolutions which undermined aspirations for a nuclear-free world and urged North Korea to "completely and permanently" cease further nuclear tests. * : Speaking in his national capacity, the current Council President Baki İlkin said recent actions by North Korea undermined stability, mutual trust and confidence in the region, which the Turkish government strongly condemned. He urged the country to rejoin the six-party talks, seeing them as the best way forward to ensure denuclearization on the Korean peninsula. * : Permanent Representative Ruhakana Rugunda echoed the sentiment of the Council, as it was "important to achieve non-proliferation on the Korean peninsula". * : Representative Le Luong Minh supported the consensus of the Council, emphasising his country's commitment to non-proliferation but remarked that the sanctions should not adversely affect the population of North Korea.


Other UN members

* : South Korea was invited to participate during the session. Representative Park In-kook said the nuclear test violated Council resolutions and "defied warnings from the international community" which threatened peace and stability in the region, thus all member states should ensure they implement the sanctions fully. He said the South Korean government strongly urged the North to rejoin the six-party talks and to abandon its nuclear weapons and missile programmes.


North Korean reaction

An official newspaper said that the country would consider any new sanctions imposed as a "declaration of war". In response, a statement from the Foreign Ministry, carried by the official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), said that the country would "weaponize all plutonium" and had reprocessed more than "one-third of our spent nuclear fuel rods".North Korea in plutonium threat
BBC News Online. June 13, 2009
It also announced it would start uranium enrichment. The statement considered any attempt at a blockade as an "act of war that will be met with a decisive military response", and would "counter 'sanctions' with retaliation and 'confrontation' with all-out confrontation", accusing the resolution of being a product of a U.S.-led offensive against the country. The North Korean Foreign Ministry statement on KCNA continues: A commentary in the '' Rodong Sinmun'' newspaper alleged the United States had 1,000 nuclear weapons in South Korea ready to strike North Korea, with the ''Tongbil Sinmun'' warning that nuclear war could break out on the Korean peninsula. A U.S. military spokesman described the allegations as "baseless", adding that the weapons were removed under a 1991 treaty. On June 15, the North Korean government organized a "mammoth" 100,000-strong protest in Pyongyang's Kim Il-sung Square against Resolution 1874. Secretary of the Central Committee Workers' Party of Korea
Kim Ki Nam Kim Ki-nam or similar may refer to: * Kim Ki-nam (politician): North Korean politician * Kim Ki-nam (footballer, born 1971): South Korean footballer who played for Pohang Steelers, Anyang LG Cheetahs, Bucheon SK * Kim Ki-nam (footballer, born ...
blamed the United States for pushing through the sanctions, adding that they would not weaken the DPRK.


Enforcement


Economic and commercial sanctions

The South Korean-based Hyundai Economic Research Institute estimated that if the sanctions are enforced by all UN member states, North Korea could lose between US$1.5–3.7 billion, whereas other estimates suggest US$4 billion. However, a Congressional Research Service report for the United States Congress notes that this is only possible if the sanctions are applied forcefully.Nikitin, Mary Beth; Manyin, Mark E.; Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Nanto, Dick K.; Niksch, Larry A. (July 23, 2009)
North Korea’s Second Nuclear Test: Implications of U. N. Security Council Resolution 1874
Congressional Research Service.
The United States is targeting access by North Korea to foreign banks used by its trading companies."Background Briefing on North Korea." U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. July 15, 2009. On 16 July 2009, a UN sanctions committee designated for sanctions three North Korean trading companies, an Iran-based company and North Korea's General Bureau of Atomic Energy. Luxury consumer goods, such as alcohol, computers, motorcycles, yachts, and luxury foods, for the North Korean elite, were primarily sourced from Europe and China, the latter of which reported a high demand by top North Korean officials. The exports of luxury goods by China in particular is around US$100–160 million, which has caused concern for the United States as to how China is implementing the sanctions.


Sea cargo

A number of North Korean ships have been seized or searched under the terms of Resolution 1874. * The '' Kang Nam 1'' came to international attention after it was heading for Burma via Singapore in June 2009. The ship, suspected of carrying illicit weapons, was tracked by the United States and Singapore also warned it would "act appropriately" if the ship were to dock at its port. Burma claimed it was delivering rice to the country. The ''Kang Nam 1'' later reversed its course without explanation and returned to North Korea. An unnamed South Korean government source said that payment for the weapons from Myanmar's government were to take place via an unnamed bank in Malaysia, but had probably been stopped after a U.S. envoy visited Malaysia on 6 July to discuss the situation. * India detained a "suspicious" North Korean ship off the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in early August 2009 after firing several warning shots into the air and six hour chase. The MV ''Mu San'' was suspected of carrying nuclear cargo and entering India's waters without permission. A search of the ship later found that it was carrying sugar, but it would still be booked under the Indian Maritime Act. * In late August 2009, United Nations diplomats confirmed the United Arab Emirates had seized a North Korean ship, the Bahamian-flagged ''ANL-Australia'', bound for Iran several weeks previously. It was found to have been carrying weapons in violation of the resolution. * South Korean authorities searched containers shipped by North Korea on a Panaman flagged ship on September 22, 2009. Protective clothing was later discovered. However, a government official said items found in the containers belonged to the Australia Group, though officially the South Korean government did not confirm nor deny this. * India seized a second North Korean ship destined for Pakistan from Colombo,
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
, in October 2009 after it anchored in India's territorial waters without permission. The ''Hyang Ro'' was later released after nothing suspicious was found. * South Africa intercepted North Korean arms travelling by way of China destined for central Africa in February 2010. * In mid-July 2013, Panama seized a North Korean-flagged ship carrying military equipment from Cuba to North Korea via the Panama Canal.


Air cargo

The resolution is vague on how to implement sanctions on North Korean air cargo, in contrast to the provisions for sea cargo. However, it is alleged that North Korea uses air traffic more than sea traffic to transport or exchange weapons technology. The Congressional Research Service report identifies the PyongyangTehran air route as a matter of concern, as most of the US$1.5 billion North Korea earns in weapons sales comes from Iran. In addition to this, the report claims the air route is also used for the exchange and collaboration of WMD technology, as well as a route for visits by scientists, technicians and nuclear and ballistics officials. Most of the route passes over China, and a U.S. delegation held talks with Chinese officials over how to implement the resolution regarding the aircraft which regularly refuel at Chinese airports, but did not report on the response. * In December 2009, police in Thailand seized a plane with five crew on board from North Korea carrying weapons to an unknown location. The shipment reportedly consisted of "parts" of war weapons. Interpol was involved according to Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva and foreign embassies were asked for further information. The men were later arrested and it was later discovered that the weapons were bound for Iran.N Korea arms 'were bound for Iran'
Al Jazeera Al Jazeera ( ar, الجزيرة, translit-std=DIN, translit=al-jazīrah, , "The Island") is a state-owned Arabic-language international radio and TV broadcaster of Qatar. It is based in Doha and operated by the media conglomerate Al Jazeera ...
. January 31, 2010.


See also

*
2009 North Korean nuclear test The 2009 North Korean nuclear test was the underground detonation of a nuclear device conducted on Monday, 25 May 2009 by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
* List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1801 to 1900 (2008–2009) * United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718 *
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction North Korea has a Korean People's Army, military nuclear weapon program, nuclear weapons program and, as of early 2020, is estimated to have an nuclear arsenal, arsenal of approximately 30 to 40 nuclear weapons and sufficient production of f ...
*
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 (reflight) Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 () was a North Korean Earth observation satellite which, according to the DPRK, was for weather forecast purposes, and whose launch was widely portrayed in the West to be a veiled ballistic missile test. The satellite was l ...


References


External links

*
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org




U.S. State Department The United States Department of State (DOS), or State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs of other nati ...

UN video feeds of Security Council vote
UN webcast {{Nuclear program of North Korea 1874 Nuclear program of North Korea United Nations Security Council sanctions regimes 1874 1874 June 2009 events 2009 in North Korea Sanctions against North Korea