U.S.A. Trilogy
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The ''U.S.A.'' trilogy is a series of three novels by American writer
John Dos Passos John Roderigo Dos Passos (; January 14, 1896 – September 28, 1970) was an American novelist, most notable for his U.S.A. (trilogy), ''U.S.A.'' trilogy. Born in Chicago, Dos Passos graduated from Harvard College in 1916. He traveled widely as a ...
, comprising the novels ''The 42nd Parallel'' ( 1930), ''Nineteen Nineteen'' (
1932 Events January * January 4 – The British authorities in India arrest and intern Mahatma Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel. * January 9 – Sakuradamon Incident (1932), Sakuradamon Incident: Korean nationalist Lee Bong-chang fails in his effort ...
) and ''The Big Money'' (
1936 Events January–February * January 20 – The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King Edward VIII, following the death of his father, George V, at Sandringham House. * January 28 – Death and state funer ...
). The books were first published together in a volume titled ''U.S.A.'' by
Modern Library The Modern Library is an American book publishing Imprint (trade name), imprint and formerly the parent company of Random House. Founded in 1917 by Albert Boni and Horace Liveright as an imprint of their publishing company Boni & Liveright, Moder ...
in 1937. The trilogy employs an experimental technique, incorporating four narrative modes: fictional narratives telling the life stories of twelve characters, collages of newspaper clippings and song lyrics labeled "Newsreel", individually labeled short biographies of public figures of the time such as
Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921. He was the only History of the Democratic Party (United States), Democrat to serve as president during the Prog ...
and
Henry Ford Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American Technological and industrial history of the United States, industrialist and business magnate. As the founder of the Ford Motor Company, he is credited as a pioneer in making automob ...
and fragments of autobiographical
stream of consciousness In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator. It is usually in the form of an interior monologue which ...
writing labeled "Camera Eye". The trilogy covers the historical development of American society during the first three decades of the 20th century. In 1998, the US publisher Modern Library ranked ''U.S.A.'' 23rd on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.


Structure


Narrative

In the fictional narrative sections, the ''U.S.A.'' trilogy relates the lives of twelve characters as they struggle to find a place in American society during the early part of the 20th century. Each character is presented to the reader from his/her childhood on and in free indirect speech. While their lives are separate, characters occasionally meet. Some minor characters whose point of view is never given crop up in the background, forming a kind of bridge between the characters.


The Camera Eye

"The Camera Eye" sections are written in
stream of consciousness In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator. It is usually in the form of an interior monologue which ...
and are an
autobiographical An autobiography, sometimes informally called an autobio, is a self-written account of one's own life, providing a personal narrative that reflects on the author's experiences, memories, and insights. This genre allows individuals to share thei ...
''
Künstlerroman A ''Künstlerroman'' (; plural ''-ane''), meaning "artist's novel" in English, is a narrative about an artist's growth to maturity.Werlock, James P. (2010The Facts on File companion to the American short story Volume 2, p.387 It could be classifie ...
'' of Dos Passos, tracing the author's development from a child to a politically committed writer. Camera Eye 50 contains the arguably most famous line of the trilogy, when Dos Passos states upon the executions of
Sacco and Vanzetti Nicola Sacco (; April 22, 1891 – August 23, 1927) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (; June 11, 1888 – August 23, 1927) were Italian immigrants and anarchists who were controversially convicted of murdering Alessandro Berardelli and Frederick Parm ...
: "all right we are two nations."


Newsreel

The "Newsreel" sections consist of front page
headline The headline is the text indicating the content or nature of the article below it, typically by providing a form of brief summary of its contents. The large type ''front page headline'' did not come into use until the late 19th century when incre ...
s and article fragments from the ''
Chicago Tribune The ''Chicago Tribune'' is an American daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Founded in 1847, it was formerly self-styled as the "World's Greatest Newspaper", a slogan from which its once integrated WGN (AM), WGN radio and ...
'' for ''The 42nd Parallel'', and from the ''
New York World The ''New York World'' was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 to 1931. The paper played a major role in the history of American newspapers as a leading national voice of the Democratic Party. From 1883 to 1911 under publisher Jo ...
'' for ''Nineteen Nineteen'' and ''The Big Money'', as well as lyrics from popular songs. Newsreel 66, preceding Camera Eye 50, announcing the Sacco and Vanzetti verdict, contains the lyrics of "
The Internationale "The Internationale" is an international anthem that has been adopted as the anthem of various anarchist, communist, socialist, democratic socialist, and social democratic movements. It has been a standard of the socialist movement since ...
. There are 68 newsreel sections of the whole novel, spread evenly. They rarely extend beyond one or two pages, their impact is thematic as much as it is grounding and sentimental.


Biographies

The biographies are accounts of historical figures. The most often anthologized of these biographies is "The Body of an American", the story of an unknown soldier killed in
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, which concludes ''Nineteen Nineteen''.


Main characters

* Mac (Fainy McCreary) – A wandering printer, train-hopping newspaperman, and crusader for the working man * Janey Williams – A young stenographer from Washington, D.C. (assistant to Moorehouse) * Eleanor Stoddard – A cold, haughty young social climber * J. Ward Moorehouse – A slick, influential public relations man * Charley Anderson – A gullible, good-natured mechanic and flying ace * Joe Williams – A rugged, slow-witted sailor, brother of Janey Williams * Richard Ellsworth Savage – A Harvard graduate, employee of Moorehouse * Daughter (Anne Elizabeth Trent) – A spirited Texas belle and volunteer nurse * Eveline Hutchins – Artist and designer, Eleanor's long-time friend and rival * Ben Compton – A law student and labor activist/revolutionary * Mary French – Dedicated labor activist and journalist * Margo Dowling – Attractive, cagey and adventurous, eventually a Hollywood actress


Analysis


Criticism

In his contemporary commentary on ''The 42nd Parallel'' and ''Nineteen Nineteen'', Michael Gold noted their qualities as extensions of Dos Passos' techniques in his earlier novel '' Manhattan Transfer'', and described these novels as "one of the first collective novels". Stanley Corkin has specifically expostulated ''The 42nd Parallel'' in the context of readings of Hegelian Marxism with respect to the particular historical time of the novel. Arnold Goldman has commented on the "progressive disenfranchisement" of Dos Passos from 20th century America in the trilogy. Justin Edwards has discussed the use of cinematic techniques in ''The Big Money''. Donald Pizer has discoursed in detail on the passage 'only words against POWER SUPERPOWER' in ''The Big Money''. Janet Galligani Casey has analysed Dos Passos' treatment and development of the growth of his female characters in the trilogy. Stephen Lock has examined the cinematic ideas behind Dos Passos' use of the 'Camera Eye' sections.


Style

The separation between these narrative modes is rather a stylistic than a thematic one. Some critics have pointed out connections between the fictional character Mary French in ''The Big Money'' and journalist Mary Heaton Vorse, calling into question the strict separation between fictional characters and biographies. Coherent quotes from newspaper articles are often woven into the biographies as well, calling into question the strict separation between them and the "Newsreel" sections. The first and last newsreels in each of the three books within ''U.S.A.'' tend to mirror each other, for instance, ''The 42nd Parallel'' begins with declarations that the 20th century will be shaped by America and its territorial expansion, juxtaposed to British struggles in the Boer War and dead soldiers in the Philippines. ''Nineteen Nineteen'' begins with an embrace of American capitalism following European exhaustion and turmoil after the First World War, and ends with descriptions of the
Red Summer The Red Summer was a period in mid-1919 during which Terrorism in the United States#White nationalism and white supremacy, white supremacist terrorism and Mass racial violence in the United States, racial riots occurred in more than three d ...
and Knoxville riot. Meanwhile ''The Big Money'' presents different sides of American capitalism, beginning with ' normalcy' and ending with the Wall Street Crash. The fragmented narrative style of the trilogy later influenced the work of British science-fiction novelist John Brunner. It also influenced
Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary criticism, literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th ...
's trilogy '' The Roads to Freedom''.


Political context

The trilogy was written in the period when Dos Passos placed himself unequivocally on the political Left, before the major political shift which characterized his later career. Dos Passos portrays the everyday situations of the characters before, during, and after World War I, with special attention to the social and economic forces that drive them. Those characters who pursue "the big money" without scruple succeed, but are dehumanized by success. Others are destroyed, crushed by capitalism, and ground underfoot. Dos Passos does not show much sympathy for upwardly mobile characters who succeed, but is always sympathetic to the down and out victims of capitalist society. He explores the difficulty faced by winners and losers alike when trying to make a stable living for themselves as well as wanting to settle down in some means. The book depicts with considerable sympathy the activists of the
Industrial Workers of the World The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), whose members are nicknamed "Wobblies", is an international labor union founded in Chicago, United States in 1905. The nickname's origin is uncertain. Its ideology combines general unionism with indu ...
. It is more reserved with regard to the American Communist Party which took the fore in the American Radical Left after World War I; though some Communists are depicted sympathetically, they are shown as caught up in the increasing bureaucratization of the party. The book expresses an obvious animosity to President
Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921. He was the only History of the Democratic Party (United States), Democrat to serve as president during the Prog ...
, depicting in detail his suppression of internal dissent during and immediately after World War I.


Adaptations

The novel has been adapted a number of times, for purposes such as radio and stage production.
Paul Shyre Paul Shyre (March 8, 1926 – November 19, 1989) was an American director and playwright who received a Special Tony Award and won a Regional Emmy Award.Haymer, Johnny (21 November 1989) ''The Washington Post'' page B-7 He is noted for the ...
created a "dramatic revue", working together with Dos Passos. Howard Sackler also adapted it for a well-received 1968 audio production with Caedmon Books.
Neil Peart Neil Ellwood Peart ( ; September 12, 1952 – January 7, 2020) was a Canadian and American musician, known as the drummer, percussionist, and primary lyricist of the rock band Rush (band), Rush. He was known to fans by the nickname "the Profe ...
of Rush was inspired by the trilogy to write the lyrics for the song "The Camera Eye" released on their ''Moving Pictures'' album in 1981, as well as the song " The Big Money" from their album '' Power Windows'' (1985). Margaret Bonds also collaborated with Dos Passos and wrote a musical theater work set to U.S.A. in 1959.


Editions

Dos Passos added a
prologue A prologue or prolog (from Ancient Greek πρόλογος ''prólogos'', from πρό ''pró'', "before" and λόγος ''lógos'', "speech") is an opening to a story that establishes the context and gives background details, often some earlier st ...
with the title "U.S.A." to The
Modern Library The Modern Library is an American book publishing Imprint (trade name), imprint and formerly the parent company of Random House. Founded in 1917 by Albert Boni and Horace Liveright as an imprint of their publishing company Boni & Liveright, Moder ...
edition of ''The 42nd Parallel'' and the same plates were used by Harcourt Brace for the trilogy.Dos Passos, John (1896–1970). ''U.S.A.'' Daniel Aaron & Townsend Ludington, eds. New York: Library of America, 1996. (
chronology Chronology (from Latin , from Ancient Greek , , ; and , ''wikt:-logia, -logia'') is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time. Consider, for example, the use of a timeline or sequence of events. It is also "the deter ...
)
Houghton Mifflin The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , , "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often vocalize it as ...
issued two boxed three-volume sets in 1946 with color endpapers and illustrations by Reginald Marsh. The first illustrated edition was limited to 365 copies, 350 signed by both Dos Passos and Marsh in a deluxe binding with leather labels and beveled boards. and bookseller descriptions: copies for sale, December 2010, at ABEbooks, Alibris, Amazon, Biblio and elsewhere The binding for the larger 1946 trade issue was tan
buckram Buckram is a stiff cotton, or occasionally, linen or horse hair cloth with a plain, usually loose, weave, produced in various weights similar to muslin and other plain weave fabrics. The fabric is soaked in a sizing agent such as wheat-starch ...
with red spine lettering and the trilogy designation "U.S.A." printed in red over a blue rectangle on the spine and front cover.personal copies of both editions The illustrated edition was reprinted in various bindings until the
Library of America The Library of America (LOA) is a nonprofit publisher of classic American literature. Founded in 1979 with seed money from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Ford Foundation, the LOA has published more than 300 volumes by authors ...
edition appeared in 1996, 100 years after Dos Passos' birth.


References


External links


Review of ''U.S.A.'' stage production
''
The Boston Phoenix ''The Phoenix'' (stylized as ''The Phœnix'') was the name of several alternative weekly periodicals published in the United States by Phoenix Media/Communications Group of Boston, Massachusetts, including the now defunct ''Boston Phoenix'', '' ...
'' (1982) {{DEFAULTSORT:U.S.A. Trilogy 1930 American novels 1932 American novels 1936 American novels 1937 American novels Novel series Industrial Workers of the World in fiction Literary trilogies Novels about cities American novels adapted into plays Novels set during World War I Modernist novels American political novels