Tōseiha

The ''Tōseiha'' or was a political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army active in the 1920s and 1930s. The ''Tōseiha'' was a grouping of generally conservative officers united primarily by their opposition to the radical ''Kōdōha'' (Imperial Way) faction and its aggressive imperialist and anti-modernization ideals. The ''Tōseiha'' was led by Lieutenant General Tetsuzan Nagata (until his assassination in 1935) and Hideki Tōjō, (later the Prime Minister of Japan). It rivaled the ''Kōdōha'' for influence in the army until the February 26 Incident in 1936, when the ''Kōdōha'' was '' de facto'' dissolved and many supporters were disciplined or executed. The ''Tōseiha'' became the primary influence in the army, but the ''Kōdōha'' ideology and its supporters continued to influence Japanese militarism into the late 1930s.

Background

The Empire of Japan had enjoyed economic growth during The First World War but this ended in the early 1920s with the Shōwa financial crisis. Social unrest increased with the growing polarization of society and inequalities, with the labor unions increasingly influenced by socialism, communism and anarchism, but the industrial and financial leaders of Japan continued to get wealthier through their inside connections with politicians and bureaucrats. The military was considered "clean" in terms of political corruption, and elements within the army were determined to take direct action to eliminate the perceived threats to Japan created by the weaknesses of liberal democracy and political corruption.

An ultranationalist faction within the army called the ''Kōdōha'' (Imperial Way) was formed by General Sadao Araki and his protégé, Jinzaburō Masaki, who envisioned a return to an idealized pre-industrialized, pre- westernized Japan. The ''Tōseiha'' formed in reaction to the radical ''Kōdōha'' and attempted to represent the more conservative and moderate elements within the army. The ''Tōseiha'' and ''Kōdōha'' both adopted ideas from totalitarian and fascist political philosophies, and shared the fundamental ideals that national defense must be strengthened through a reform of national politics and espoused a strong skepticism for political party politics and representative democracy. Although the factions shared key ideals, opposition was based on how to achieve them.

Opposition

The ''Tōseiha'' was a non-regional coalition, as opposed to Araki's reintroduction of regional politics into army promotions and policy decisions. Many ''Tōseiha'' members were promising graduates of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and Army Staff College, and were concerned about Araki's emphasis of the spiritual morale of the army instead of modernization and mechanization. Rather than the confrontational approach of the ''Kōdōha'', which wanted to bring about the Showa Restoration through violence and revolution, the ''Tōseiha'' sought reform by working within the existing system. The ''Tōseiha'' foresaw that a future war would be a total war, and to maximize Japan's industrial and military capacity would require the cooperation of Japan's bureaucracy and the ''zaibatsu'' conglomerates which the ''Kōdōha'' despised.

The ''Kōdōha'' strongly supported the ''hokushin-ron'' ("Northern Expansion Doctrine") strategy of a pre-emptive strike against the Soviet Union in the belief that Siberia was in Japan's sphere of interest. Although there were supporters of the Northern Expansion in the ''Tōseiha'', the faction largely favored a more cautious defense expansion.

The name "Tōseiha" was pejorative and was coined and was used only by ''Kōdōha'' members and sympathizers.

Decline

In late 1931, the Manchurian Incident and the subsequent Japanese invasion of Manchuria saw the two factions struggle against each other for greater influence over the military. Edwin P. Hoyt, ''Japan's War'', pp. 118–9 The ''Kōdōha'' were initially dominant, but after Araki's resignation in 1934 due to ill health their influence began to wane. The February 26 Incident in February 1936 caused a widespread purge of the ''Kōdōha'' leadership from the military and the faction was '' de facto'' dissolved, while the ''Tōseiha'' became the dominant influence in the Japanese military but lost most of its ''raison d'être'' and gradually disbanded.

See also

* Kōdōha

References

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Notes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toseiha
Politics of the Empire of Japan
Imperial Japanese Army
Far-right politics in Japan
Japanese militarism
Anti-communist organizations in Japan