Tyrannides (New World suboscines) is a

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

passerine A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped') which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines generally have an anisodactyl arrangement of their ...

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class (biology), class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the Oviparity, laying of Eggshell, hard-shelled eggs, a high Metabolism, metabolic rate, a fou ...

s that are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...

to the

Americas The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.''Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. When viewed as a sing ...

. The group likely originated in

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...

during the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes ...

, about 45 million years ago.

Taxonomy

The Tyrannides is divided into two clades (Furnariida and Tyrannida) that contain thirteen

families Family (from ) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictability, structure, and safety as ...

.Selvatti, A.P. ''et al''. (2015
A Paleogene origin for crown passerines and the diversification of the Oscines in the New World
''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'', 88:1-15. The families listed here are those recognised by the

International Ornithologists' Union The International Ornithologists' Union (IOU) is an international organization for the promotion of ornithology Ornithology, from Ancient Greek ὄρνις (''órnis''), meaning "bird", and -logy from λόγος (''lógos''), meaning "study", ...

(IOC). * Pipridae: manakins * Cotingidae: cotingas *

Tityridae Tityridae is family of suboscine passerine birds found in forest and woodland in the Neotropics. The 45 species in this family were formerly spread over the families Tyrannidae, Pipridae and Cotingidae (''see Taxonomy (biology), Taxonomy''). As y ...

: tityras, becards *

Tyrannidae The tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) comprise a Family (biology), family of passerine birds which is found virtually throughout North America, North and South America. It is the world's largest family of birds, with more than 400 species, and is ...

: tyrant-flycatchers (includes ''

Piprites ''Piprites'' is a genus of bird currently placed in the family Tyrannidae. Prior to 1971, the genus was placed in the family Pipridae; its designation was initially changed based on Morphology (biology), morphological evidence, and genetic eviden ...

'', '' Platyrinchus'', '' Tachuris'' and '' Rhynchocyclus'') * Oxyruncidae: sharpbill * Onychorhynchidae: royal flycatchers and myiobiuses * Melanopareiidae: crescent chests *

Conopophagidae The gnateaters are a bird family (biology), family, Conopophagidae, consisting of twelve small suboscine passerine species in two genus, genera, which occur in South America, South and Central America. Taxonomy The family Conopophagidae was int ...

: gnateaters and gnatpittas *

Thamnophilidae The antbirds are a large passerine bird family, Thamnophilidae, found across subtropical and tropical Central and South America, from Mexico to Argentina. There are more than 230 species, known variously as antshrikes, antwrens, antvireos, fire ...

: antbirds * Grallariidae: antpittas * Rhinocryptidae: tapaculos *

Formicariidae Formicariidae is a family of smallish suboscine passerine birds of subtropical and tropical Central and South America known as antthrushes. They are between in length, and are most closely related to the ovenbirds in the family Furnariidae, an ...

: antthrushes * Furnariidae: ovenbirds and woodcreepers (includes Dendrocolaptidae)

Phylogeny

The cladogram below showing the family level phylogenetic relationships of the Tyrannides is based on a molecular genetic study by Carl Oliveros and collaborators published in 2019. The families and species numbers are from the list maintained by the

(IOC).

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q944397 Extant Paleogene first appearances Bird infraorders