Type XVII Submarine

The Type XVII U-boats were small coastal submarines that used a high-test peroxide propulsion system, which offered a combination of air-independent propulsion and high submerged speeds.

Background

In the early 1930s Hellmuth Walter had designed a small, high-speed submarine with a streamlined form propelled by high-test peroxide (HTP) and in 1939 he was awarded a contract to build an experimental vessel, the 80 ton , which achieved an underwater speed of during trials in 1940. On 14 November 1941 Admirals Erich Raeder and Werner Fuchs (head of the ''Kriegsmarine''s Construction Office) witnessed a demonstration of the ''V-80'';Rössler (2001), p. 174. Raeder was impressed, but Fuchs was slow to approve further tests.

Following the success of the ''V-80's'' trials, Walter contacted Karl Dönitz in January 1942, who enthusiastically embraced the idea and requested that these submarines be developed as quickly as possible. An initial order was placed in summer 1942 for four Type XVIIA development submarines.

Construction

Of these, and , designated ''Wa 201'', were built by Blohm + Voss, achieved submerged. The other pair of Type XVIIA submarines, and , designated ''Wk 202'', were constructed by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft, Kiel.Williamson (2005), p. 66.

The ''U-793'' achieved a submerged speed of in March 1944 with Admiral Dönitz aboard. In June 1944 ''U-792'' achieved over a measured mile.Polmar, p. 33

The Type XVIIA submarines were found to be very hard to handle at high speed, and were plagued by numerous mechanical problems, low efficiency, and the fact that a significant amount of power was lost due to increased back pressure on the exhaust at depth. Also, the length to beam ratio was too low, resulting in an unnecessarily high drag.

Admiral Fuchs argued that introducing a new type of U-boat would hinder current production efforts, but Dönitz argued the case for them and on 4 January 1943 the ''Kriegsmarine'' ordered 24 Type XVII submarines.

Construction of operational Type XVII submarines – the Type XVIIB – was begun at the Blohm + Voss yard in Hamburg. The Type XVIIB, unlike the XVIIA, had only a single turbine. The initial order was for 12 submarines, ''U-1405'' through ''U-1416''. However, Blohm + Voss were already struggling to cope with orders for Type XXI submarines and the ''Kriegsmarine'' reduced the order to six.

Projected types

Twelve Type XVIIG of slightly improved design, ''U-1081'' through ''U-1092'', were at the same time ordered from Germaniawerft.

A projected Type XVIIK would have abandoned the Walter system for closed-cycle Diesel engines using pure oxygen from onboard tanks. The only boat, ''U-798'', was still unfinished at the Krupp Germaniawerft at the end of the war.

Completed boats

Three Type XVIIB boats were completed by Blohm + Voss of Hamburg between 1943 and 1945: , and . ''U-1405'' was completed in December 1944, ''U-1406'' in February 1945, and ''U-1407'' in March 1945.Polmar, p. 35

A further three boats (''U-1408'' to ''U-1410'') were under construction, but were not complete when the war ended. Another six Type XVIIB's (''U-1411'' to ''U-1416'') were cancelled during the war in favour of the Type XXI submarine.

Post war

All three completed Type XVIIB boats were scuttled by their crews at the end of World War II, ''U-1405'' at Flensburg, and ''U-1406'' and ''U-1407'' at Cuxhaven, all in the British Zone of Occupation. ''U-1406'' and ''U-1407'' were scuttled on 7 May 1945 by ''Oberleutnant zur See'' Gerhard Grumpelt, even though a superior officer, ''Kapitän zur See'' Kurt Thoma, had prohibited such actions. Grumpelt was subsequently sentenced to seven years imprisonment by a British military court.

At the Potsdam Conference in July 1945 ''U-1406'' was allocated to the United States and ''U-1407'' to Britain, and both were soon salvaged. The uncompleted ''U-1408'' and ''U-1410'' were discovered by British forces at the Blohm + Voss yard in Hamburg.

The United States Navy did not repair and operate ''U-1406'' as it had with the two Type XXI submarines it had captured. She travelled to the United States as deck cargo, having been stripped after being damaged by fire and twice flooded. Portsmouth Naval Shipyard estimated it would cost $1 million to put her into service, but plans to do so were rejected due to the perceived fire hazard and high cost of HTP, and she was broken up in New York harbour some time after 18 May 1948.

The Royal Navy repaired ''U-1407'' and recommissioned her on 25 September 1945 as . She served as the model for two further HTP boats, the s, and .

List of boats

Type XVIIA

''Wa 201'' — Blohm + Voss, Hamburg
* — only used as a trials vessel; scuttled on 4 May 1945
* — only used as a trials vessel; scuttled on 4 May 1945

''Wk 202'' — Germaniawerft, Kiel
* — only used as a trials vessel; scuttled on 5 May 1945
* — only used as a trials vessel; scuttled on 3 May 1945

Type XVIIB — Blohm + Voss, Hamburg

* — scuttled on 5 May 1945
* — scuttled on 7 May 1945, raised, and transported to the U.S.; broken up some time after 18 May 1948
* ''U-1407'' — scuttled on 7 May 1945, raised, repaired and served as until September 1949
* ''U-1408 – 1410'' — incomplete when the war ended
* ''U-1411 – 1416'' — contract cancelled before construction began

References

Bibliography

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Further reading

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Submarine classes

World War II submarines of Germany