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Carl Terrell Mitchell (born November 27, 1973), better known by his stage name Twista (also known as Tung Twista), is an American rapper. He is best known for his chopper style of rapping and for once holding the title of fastest English-speaking rapper in the world according to
Guinness World Records ''Guinness World Records'', known from its inception in 1955 until 1999 as ''The Guinness Book of Records'' and in previous United States editions as ''The Guinness Book of World Records'', is a British reference book published annually, list ...
in 1992, being able to pronounce 598 syllables in 55 seconds. In 1997, after appearing on Do or Die's hit single "
Po Pimp "Po Pimp" is the debut single by Do or Die, it served as the lead single from their debut album, '' Picture This''. The song was produced by The Legendary Traxster and featured a guest verse from fellow Chicago rapper Twista and vocals from R&B s ...
", produced by
the Legendary Traxster Samuel Lindley (born July 14, 1973), better known by his stage name The Legendary Traxster, is an American songwriter, rapper and record producer. He is best known as a producer for hip hop artist Twista and group Do or Die. Lindley is the ow ...
, Twista signed with
Big Beat Big beat is an electronic music genre that usually uses heavy breakbeats and synthesizer-generated loops and patterns – common to acid house/techno. The term has been used by the British music industry to describe music by artists such as the ...
and
Atlantic Records Atlantic Recording Corporation (simply known as Atlantic Records) is an American record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegun and Herb Abramson. Over the course of its first two decades, starting from the release of its first recor ...
, where he released his third album '' Adrenaline Rush'' and formed the group
Speedknot Mobstaz Speedknot Mobstaz are a hip hop duo from Chicago formed by hometown native Twista. They made their debut appearance on Twista's second album, ''Resurrection'' (1994). As a duo, they released the album '' Mobstability'' (1998) for Atlantic Record ...
, in 1998. His 2004 album ''
Kamikaze , officially , were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of military aviators who flew suicide attacks for the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, intending to d ...
'' topped the U.S. ''Billboard'' 200, after the success of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 number-one single "
Slow Jamz "Slow Jamz" is a song by American rapper Twista together with the American rapper and producer Kanye West and American singer Jamie Foxx. Produced by West, it was released in November 2003 through Atlantic Records, Atlantic and Roc-A-Fella Reco ...
" (with
Kanye West Ye ( ; born Kanye Omari West ; June 8, 1977) is an American rapper, singer and record producer. One of the most prominent figures in hip-hop, he is known for his varying musical style and polarizing cultural and political commentary. After ...
and
Jamie Foxx Eric Marlon Bishop (born December 13, 1967), known professionally as Jamie Foxx, is an American actor, comedian, and singer. Known for his work in both the screen and music industries, his accolades include an Academy Award, a Grammy Award ...
).


Early life

Carl Terrell Mitchell was born on November 27, 1973, and grew up in the K-Town area of the
West Garfield Park West Garfield Park on the West Side of Chicago, Illinois, is one of 77 officially designated Chicago community areas. It is directly west of Garfield Park. Neighborhood boundaries The boundaries of West Garfield Park are NORTH: W. Kinzie St ...
neighborhood on the
West Side West Side or Westside may refer to: Places Canada * West Side, a neighbourhood of Windsor, Ontario * West Side, a neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia United Kingdom * West Side, Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Scotland * Westside, Birmingham ...
of
Chicago Chicago is the List of municipalities in Illinois, most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the List of Unite ...
,
Illinois Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. It borders on Lake Michigan to its northeast, the Mississippi River to its west, and the Wabash River, Wabash and Ohio River, Ohio rivers to its ...
, and began rapping at the age of 12.


Career

In 1992, Mitchell released his first album called ''
Runnin' Off at da Mouth ''Runnin' Off at da Mouth'' is the debut studio album by American rapper Twista, who was known at the time as Tung Twista. Released in 1992, it was Loud Records' first release and its only release distributed by Zoo. The album was released afte ...
'' under the name Tung Twista. His second album, titled ''
Resurrection Resurrection or anastasis is the concept of coming back to life after death. Reincarnation is a similar process hypothesized by other religions involving the same person or deity returning to another body. The disappearance of a body is anothe ...
'', was set to be released in 1994, but due to problems with his record label at the time
Atlantic Records Atlantic Recording Corporation (simply known as Atlantic Records) is an American record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegun and Herb Abramson. Over the course of its first two decades, starting from the release of its first recor ...
and marketing issues involving fellow Chicago rapper
Common Common may refer to: As an Irish surname, it is anglicised from Irish Gaelic surname Ó Comáin. Places * Common, a townland in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland * Boston Common, a central public park in Boston, Massachusetts * Cambridge Com ...
's album of the same name, the album was only released in the city of Chicago and thus got little national attention. In 1996, he teamed with Chicago producer
the Legendary Traxster Samuel Lindley (born July 14, 1973), better known by his stage name The Legendary Traxster, is an American songwriter, rapper and record producer. He is best known as a producer for hip hop artist Twista and group Do or Die. Lindley is the ow ...
and Creator's Way / CWAL artists Do or Die on the track "
Po Pimp "Po Pimp" is the debut single by Do or Die, it served as the lead single from their debut album, '' Picture This''. The song was produced by The Legendary Traxster and featured a guest verse from fellow Chicago rapper Twista and vocals from R&B s ...
" produced by the Legendary Traxster, which became a hit single. This led to a CWAL's label deal with Atlantic Records, which released '' Adrenaline Rush'' in 1997. Twista had by then dropped the "Tung" from his stage name. ''Adrenaline Rush'' became Twista's first charting album, as it peaked at #77 on the ''Billboard'' 200. The album also spawned a ''Billboard'' Hot 100 hit in "
Get It Wet "Get It Wet" is the second single released from Twista's third album, '' Adrenaline Rush''. The song featured a verse from rapper, Ms. Kane and was produced by The Legendary Traxster Samuel Lindley (born July 14, 1973), better known by his sta ...
" produced by the Legendary Traxster, which peaked at #96. In 1998, Twista teamed with other Chicago area rappers to form
Speedknot Mobstaz Speedknot Mobstaz are a hip hop duo from Chicago formed by hometown native Twista. They made their debut appearance on Twista's second album, ''Resurrection'' (1994). As a duo, they released the album '' Mobstability'' (1998) for Atlantic Record ...
. They released their first album, ''
Mobstability ''Mobstability'' is a collaborative studio album by American rapper Twista and fellow Chicago-based hip hop group the Speedknot Mobstaz. It was released on October 6, 1998 via Atlantic Records. Production was handled entirely by The Legendary Tra ...
'', produced entirely by the Legendary Traxster, in 1998. Twista then joined label Legit Ballin', which released two compilation albums: ''Legit Ballin in 1999 and ''Legit Ballin' Vol. 2: Street Scriptures'' in 2001. The label later released ''Respect the Game, Vol. 3'' in 2002 and ''Volume 4: Tha Truth'' in 2006. In 2000, Twista collaborated with
Ruff Ryders Ruff Ryders Entertainment is an American hip hop record label and management company founded by siblings and record executives Joaquin "Waah", Darrin "Dee" and Chivon Dean in 1988. It operated as a subsidiary of Universal, and distributed by Int ...
and
Drag-On Melvin Jason Smalls (born January 4, 1980), known professionally as Drag-On, is an American rapper. He is best known for his time on Ruff Ryders, through whom he released his debut album, '' Opposite of H2O'' (2000). The album was successful, ...
on the album ''Ruff Ryders: Ryde or Die Vol. 2'', on the track "Twisted Heat". He also collaborated with
Memphis Bleek Malik Deshawn Cox (born June 23, 1978), known by his stage name Memphis Bleek, is an American rapper. He is best known for his affiliation with fellow New York City-based rapper Jay-Z, with Cox often described as his hype man and protégé. Cox s ...
on " Is That Your Chick (The Lost Verses)" on the album '' The Understanding''. Beginning in 2002, Twista began recording his album ''
Kamikaze , officially , were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of military aviators who flew suicide attacks for the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, intending to d ...
'' with rappers like
Kanye West Ye ( ; born Kanye Omari West ; June 8, 1977) is an American rapper, singer and record producer. One of the most prominent figures in hip-hop, he is known for his varying musical style and polarizing cultural and political commentary. After ...
and
Ludacris Christopher Brian Bridges (born September 11, 1977), known professionally as Ludacris (, spoken as "ludicrous" in American English), is an American rapper and songwriter. Born in Champaign, Illinois, Ludacris moved to Atlanta, Georgia, at age ...
. ''Kamikaze'' was released in 2004 and debuted at the top spot of the US ''Billboard'' 200 album chart. Its first single "
Slow Jamz "Slow Jamz" is a song by American rapper Twista together with the American rapper and producer Kanye West and American singer Jamie Foxx. Produced by West, it was released in November 2003 through Atlantic Records, Atlantic and Roc-A-Fella Reco ...
" (also featured on West's debut album ''
The College Dropout ''The College Dropout'' is the debut studio album by the American rapper Kanye West. It was released on February 10, 2004, by Roc-A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings. In the years leading up to its release, West had received praise for his p ...
''), featured West and
Jamie Foxx Eric Marlon Bishop (born December 13, 1967), known professionally as Jamie Foxx, is an American actor, comedian, and singer. Known for his work in both the screen and music industries, his accolades include an Academy Award, a Grammy Award ...
and became a number-one hit in the US. Other singles included "
Overnight Celebrity "Overnight Celebrity" is the second single from Twista's 2004 album ''Kamikaze''. The song was produced and features uncredited vocals by Kanye West and violin by Miri Ben-Ari. It contains a sample of the 1978 song "Cause I Love You" By Lenny Wi ...
" and " So Sexy" (featuring
R. Kelly Robert Sylvester Kelly (born January 8, 1967), known as R. Kelly, is an American former singer, songwriter, and record producer. He is credited with prolific commercial success in R&B, hip hop, and pop music recordings, earning nicknames suc ...
); the album sold around two million copies. The remix of the song "Jook Gal" by
Elephant Man Joseph Carey Merrick (5 August 1862 – 11 April 1890) was an English man known for his severe physical deformities. He was first exhibited at a freak show under the stage name "The Elephant Man", and then went to live at the London Hospital, ...
featured Twista and the
YoungBloodZ YoungBloodZ is an American Southern hip hop duo from Atlanta, Georgia composed of J-Bo and Sean Paul (later stylized as Sean P) formed in 1997. The duo were discovered by Kawan Prather and signed with his company Ghet-O-Vision, an imprint of ...
. ''Kamikaze'' and its singles gave Twista a new level of success and rose his profile significantly within the rap community. Twista's album ''
The Day After ''The Day After'' is a 1983 American television film directed by Nicholas Meyer. The war film postulates a fictional conflict between NATO and the Warsaw Pact over Germany that rapidly escalates into a full-scale nuclear exchange between the ...
'' was released in 2005. It featured the hit singles " Girl Tonite" (featuring
Trey Songz Tremaine Aldon Neverson (born November 28, 1984), known professionally as Trey Songz, is an American Contemporary R&B, R&B singer and songwriter. After being discovered by record producer Troy Taylor (record producer), Troy Taylor in 2003, Songz ...
), "Hit the Floor" (featuring
Pitbull Pit bull is an umbrella term for several types of dog believed to have descended from bull and terriers. In the United States, the term is usually considered to include the American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, American B ...
), and "
So Lonely "So Lonely" is a song by British rock band the Police, released as the third and final single on 24 November 1978 from their debut studio album ''Outlandos d'Amour'' (1978). The single was re-released in the UK in February 1980, and reached No ...
" (featuring
Mariah Carey Mariah Carey ( ; born March 27, 1969) is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress. Dubbed the "Honorific nicknames in popular music, Songbird Supreme" by ''Guinness World Records'', Carey is known for her five-octave voc ...
). His next album, ''
Adrenaline Rush 2007 ''Adrenaline Rush 2007'' is the sixth studio album by Chicago rapper Twista. It was released on September 18, 2007. The "2007" in the title references the ten years passed since his third studio album '' Adrenaline Rush''. The first official sin ...
'', was released in 2007. Also in 2007, Pitbull released the song "Candyman" featuring Twista off the album ''
The Boatlift ''The Boatlift'' is the third studio album by Cuban-American rapper Pitbull. It was released on November 27, 2007 through TVT and Poe Boy. The album features production by Lil Jon, Mr. Collipark, Nitti, Diaz Brothers and Sean "P. Diddy" Com ...
''. Its singles were " Give It Up" (featuring
Pharrell Pharrell Lanscilo Williams (; born April 5, 1973), also known mononymously as Pharrell, is an American musician, singer, songwriter, rapper, record producer, and fashion designer. He first became known as one half of the music production duo ...
) and "Creep Fast" (featuring
T-Pain Faheem Rashad Najm (born September 30, 1984), known professionally as T-Pain, is an American singer and rapper. He is known for popularizing creative use of Auto-Tune pitch correction, often used with extreme parameter settings to create electro ...
). This album sold poorly compared to Twista's earlier albums. Twista appeared on the single "
Hell No (Leave Home) "Hell No (Leave Home)" is a song by American singer Monica featuring guest vocals by rapper Twista. It was written by Bryan Michael Cox, Sean Garrett, and Carl Mitchell and produced by former for her fifth studio album, '' The Makings of Me'' (2 ...
" from Monica's 2006 album ''
The Makings of Me ''The'' is a grammatical article in English, denoting nouns that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' ...
''. In 2008, Twista launched a new record label called Get Money Gang Entertainment and the album ''
Category F5 ''Category F5'' is the seventh studio album by United States, American rapper Twista. Its title is taken from the Fujita scale. The album marks the first collaboration with Chicago producer the Legendary Traxster since 2004's ''Kamikaze (Twista ...
'' with the hit, " Wetter". In 2009, Twista appeared on the single "Legendary" with fellow Chicago rappers AK-47 of Do or Die and Saurus and Bones. Twista released his eighth solo album entitled, '' The Perfect Storm'' on November 9, 2010. The first single from the album, "
Make a Movie "Make a Movie" is a song by American rapper Twista featuring American singer Chris Brown, released by Get Money Gang and EMI on August 24, 2010 as the second single from the former's eighth studio album, '' The Perfect Storm'' (2010). Written by ...
" produced by the Legendary Traxster, featuring
Chris Brown Christopher Maurice Brown (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. A Pop music, pop and hip-hop-influenced contemporary R&B, R&B musician who works in a variety of genres, he has been called the "Honorific nic ...
, was released on August 24, 2010. Two buzz singles were released, "I Do" produced by Traxster and "Heat" produced by fellow Chicago producers
No I.D. Ernest Dion Wilson (born June 23, 1971), known professionally as No I.D. (formerly Immenslope), is an American record producer, DJ and songwriter from Chicago, Illinois. He is known for his early work with Chicago-based rapper Common, as well a ...
and the Legendary Traxster. The album features artists such as
Waka Flocka Flame Juaquin James Malphurs (born May 31, 1986), known professionally as Waka Flocka Flame, is an American rapper. He first became known for his 2009 single "O Let's Do It", which entered the Billboard Hot 100, ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and led him to ...
,
Raekwon Corey Woods (born January 12, 1970), better known by his stage name Raekwon ( ), is an American rapper. He rose to prominence as a founding member of the hip-hop group Wu-Tang Clan, which achieved mainstream success following the release of the ...
, Tia London,
Diddy Sean John Combs (born November 4, 1969), better known by his stage name Diddy, and formerly Puff Daddy and P. Diddy, is an American rapper, record producer, and record executive. Born in Harlem and raised in Mount Vernon, Combs worked as a ...
,
Ray J William Ray Norwood Jr. (born January 17, 1981), known professionally as Ray J, is an American R&B singer, songwriter, television presenter, and actor. Born in McComb, Mississippi and raised in Carson, California, he is the younger brother o ...
, and others. Production on the album is mainly by the Legendary Traxster along with Streetrunner, the Kray Twinz, Tight Mike, and No I.D., Twista discussed his new documentary, directed by
Vlad Yudin Vlad Yudin (; born 26 October 1982) is a Russian filmmaker. He is best known for his work in the United States, where he has made documentaries about topics such as hip-hop music, bodybuilding, and MMA. Filmography *''Big Pun: The Legacy'' (2008) ...
and the making of ''The Perfect Storm'', including his belief that artists need to do more than just record songs and that they need to become more involved with the community around them. A documentary film, ''Mr. Immortality: The Life and Times of Twista'', was released in November 2010. In January 2013, Twista was featured in a remix of
Lil Reese Tavares Lamont Taylor (born January 6, 1993), known professionally as Lil Reese, is an American rapper. Hailing from Chicago's drill scene, he is best known for his guest appearance on Chief Keef's 2012 single "I Don't Like", which peaked at nu ...
's song "Traffic". As of 2013, Twista was working on his ninth studio album entitled ''
Dark Horse A dark horse is a previously lesser-known person, team or thing that emerges to prominence in a situation, especially in a competition involving multiple rivals, that is unlikely to succeed but has a fighting chance, unlike the underdog who is exp ...
''. He also was rumored to be in the works of signing a record deal with
Kanye West Ye ( ; born Kanye Omari West ; June 8, 1977) is an American rapper, singer and record producer. One of the most prominent figures in hip-hop, he is known for his varying musical style and polarizing cultural and political commentary. After ...
's record label
GOOD Music GOOD Music (often stylized as G.O.O.D. Music; a backronym for Getting Out Our Dreams) is an American independent record label founded by rapper Kanye West in 2004. The label entered an exclusive long-term worldwide music distribution, distributi ...
, although in an interview with ''
HipHopDX ''HipHopDX'' is an online magazine of Hip hop music, hip hop music criticism and news. ''HipHopDX'' has over 3.5M monthly readers, the website encompassing hip hop news, interviews, music, and reviews. The website's founder and CEO is Sharath C ...
'', Twista denied the rumor. The first single was "Throwin' My Money" (featuring R. Kelly) and produced by Chris Millionaire. Twista appeared on the song "Jewels n' Drugs" by
Lady Gaga Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (born March 28, 1986), known professionally as Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Known for her image reinventions and versatility across the entertainment industry, she is an influ ...
on the album ''
Artpop ''Artpop'' is a studio album by American singer Lady Gaga. It was released on November 6, 2013, by Streamline and Interscope Records. Gaga began planning the project in 2011, shortly after the launch of her second effort, '' Born This Way''. Wor ...
''. "It's Yours" (featuring Tia London) was released on May 6, 2014, as the second single of the aforementioned album. It was serviced to
urban contemporary Urban contemporary music, also known as urban music, urban pop, or just simply urban, is a music radio format. The term was coined by New York radio DJ Frankie Crocker in the early to mid-1970s as a synonym for Black music. Urban contemporary r ...
radio in the United States on May 27, 2014, by
Capitol Records Capitol Records, LLC (known legally as Capitol Records, Inc. until 2007), and simply known as Capitol, is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group through its Capitol Music Group imprint. It was founded as the first West Coast-base ...
. ''Dark Horse'' was released on August 12, 2014. Twista is featured on the song "Gossip" from ''
When Music Worlds Collide ''When Music Worlds Collide'' is the debut studio album from Jonathan Hay and Mike Smith that features notable names in the hip hop music genre. Hay and Smith, the producers behind the indie hip-hop compilation ''When Music Worlds Collide'' dec ...
'' released in May 2015. Twista appeared on
ABC ABC are the first three letters of the Latin script. ABC or abc may also refer to: Arts, entertainment and media Broadcasting * Aliw Broadcasting Corporation, Philippine broadcast company * American Broadcasting Company, a commercial American ...
's ''
To Tell the Truth ''To Tell the Truth'' is an American television panel show. Four celebrity panelists are presented with three contestants (the "team of challengers", each an individual or pair) and must identify which is the "central character" whose unusual ...
'' in 2017. Twista released the mixtape ''Summer 96'' in 2019, this includes the song "Home Invasion" which features Do or Die and produced by Hearon Tracks. In 2019, Twista appeared as a judge on the rap competition series ''
Rhythm + Flow Rhythm (from Greek , ''rhythmos'', "any regular recurring motion, symmetry") generally means a " movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions". This general meaning of regular rec ...
'' on
Netflix Netflix is an American subscription video on-demand over-the-top streaming service. The service primarily distributes original and acquired films and television shows from various genres, and it is available internationally in multiple lang ...
.


Personal life

Twista was married from 1991 to 1999 and had a daughter with his ex-wife. During the holiday season in 2010, Twista and his team Get Money Gang worked together with Chicago Food Bank's Producemobile program to feed hungry people in the community. Twista is a gun enthusiast, has an Illinois Concealed Carry License, and is a US Concealed Carry Association (USCCA) and
National Rifle Association of America The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) is a gun rights advocacy group based in the United States. Founded in 1871 to advance rifle marksmanship, the modern NRA has become a prominent Gun politics in the United States, gun rights ...
(NRA) certified instructor. He teaches a course on concealed carry in Chicago, aiming to using education to combat gun violence.


Discography

Studio albums * ''
Runnin' Off at da Mouth ''Runnin' Off at da Mouth'' is the debut studio album by American rapper Twista, who was known at the time as Tung Twista. Released in 1992, it was Loud Records' first release and its only release distributed by Zoo. The album was released afte ...
'' (1992) * ''
Resurrection Resurrection or anastasis is the concept of coming back to life after death. Reincarnation is a similar process hypothesized by other religions involving the same person or deity returning to another body. The disappearance of a body is anothe ...
'' (1994) * '' Adrenaline Rush'' (1997) * ''
Kamikaze , officially , were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of military aviators who flew suicide attacks for the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, intending to d ...
'' (2004) * ''
The Day After ''The Day After'' is a 1983 American television film directed by Nicholas Meyer. The war film postulates a fictional conflict between NATO and the Warsaw Pact over Germany that rapidly escalates into a full-scale nuclear exchange between the ...
'' (2005) * ''
Adrenaline Rush 2007 ''Adrenaline Rush 2007'' is the sixth studio album by Chicago rapper Twista. It was released on September 18, 2007. The "2007" in the title references the ten years passed since his third studio album '' Adrenaline Rush''. The first official sin ...
'' (2007) * ''
Category F5 ''Category F5'' is the seventh studio album by United States, American rapper Twista. Its title is taken from the Fujita scale. The album marks the first collaboration with Chicago producer the Legendary Traxster since 2004's ''Kamikaze (Twista ...
'' (2009) * '' The Perfect Storm'' (2010) * ''
Dark Horse A dark horse is a previously lesser-known person, team or thing that emerges to prominence in a situation, especially in a competition involving multiple rivals, that is unlikely to succeed but has a fighting chance, unlike the underdog who is exp ...
'' (2014) * ''Crook County'' (2017) Collaborative albums * ''
Mobstability ''Mobstability'' is a collaborative studio album by American rapper Twista and fellow Chicago-based hip hop group the Speedknot Mobstaz. It was released on October 6, 1998 via Atlantic Records. Production was handled entirely by The Legendary Tra ...
'' (with
Speedknot Mobstaz Speedknot Mobstaz are a hip hop duo from Chicago formed by hometown native Twista. They made their debut appearance on Twista's second album, ''Resurrection'' (1994). As a duo, they released the album '' Mobstability'' (1998) for Atlantic Record ...
) (1998) * '' Mobstability II: Nation Business'' (with Speedknot Mobstaz) (2008) * ''Withdrawal'' (with Do or Die) (2015)


References


External links

* * {{Authority control 1973 births Living people African-American male rappers 20th-century American male rappers African-American record producers American hip-hop record producers Atlantic Records artists Big Beat Records (American record label) artists Rappers from Chicago Zoo Entertainment (record label) artists 21st-century American rappers Record producers from Illinois 21st-century American male musicians 21st-century African-American musicians 20th-century African-American musicians