Tutchone is an Athabaskan language spoken by the Northern and Southern Tutchone First Nations in central and southern regions of

Yukon Yukon () is a Provinces and territories of Canada, territory of Canada, bordering British Columbia to the south, the Northwest Territories to the east, the Beaufort Sea to the north, and the U.S. state of Alaska to the west. It is Canada’s we ...

Territory,

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...

. Tutchone belongs to the Northern Athabaskan linguistic subfamily and has two primary varieties, Southern and Northern. Although they are sometimes considered separate languages, Northern and Southern Tutchone speakers are generally able to understand each other in conversation, albeit with moderate difficulty. Southern Tutchone is spoken in the Yukon communities of Aishihik, Burwash Landing,

Champagne Champagne (; ) is a sparkling wine originated and produced in the Champagne wine region of France under the rules of the appellation, which demand specific vineyard practices, sourcing of grapes exclusively from designated places within it, spe ...

, Haines Junction, Kloo Lake, Klukshu, Lake Laberge, and

Whitehorse Whitehorse () is the capital of Yukon, and the largest city in Northern Canada. It was incorporated in 1950 and is located at kilometre 1426 (Historic Mile 918) on the Alaska Highway in southern Yukon. Whitehorse's downtown and Riverdale areas ...

. Northern Tutchone is spoken in the Yukon communities of Mayo, Pelly Crossing, Stewart Crossing, Carmacks, and Beaver Creek.

Phonology

Northern Tutchone

The consonants and vowels of Northern Tutchone and their orthography are as follows:

Consonants

Vowels

Vowels are differentiated for nasalization and high, mid, and low tone. * Nasalized: į, ų, ę, ą̈, ǫ, ą * High tone: í, ú, é, ä́ , ó, á * Mid tone: ī, ū, ē, ǟ, ō, ā * Low tone: unmarked

Southern Tutchone

Consonants

Vowels

Vowels are differentiated for nasalization and high, mid, and low tone. * Nasalized: į, ų, ų̈, ę, ą̈, ǫ, ą * High tone: í, ú, ǘ, é, ä́ , ó, á * Mid tone: ī, ū, ǖ, ē, ǟ, ō, ā

Dialects

Southern () * Aishihik dialect * Tàaʼan dialect * Klukshu dialect * Kluane dialect Northern () * Big Salmon dialect * Pelly Crossing dialect * Mayo dialect * White River dialect

Vocabulary comparison

The comparison of some words in the two languages: ¹ Big Salmon dialect
² Pelly Crossing dialect

Revitalization efforts

Tutchone is considered to be an

endangered language An endangered language or moribund language is a language that is at risk of disappearing as its speakers die out or shift to speaking other languages. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a " dead langua ...

, as its speaker population is shifting rapidly to English. In a 2011 census, Northern Tutchone was reported to have 210 speakers, and Southern Tutchone 140 speakers.

Literacy and documentation

The Yukon Native Language Center (YNLC) describes information in regards to Southern Tutchone documentation and literacy, starting from the 1970s such as stories and songs, as well as a basic noun dictionary and language lessons. After 1984, there have been additional literacy workshops. One example is the Southern Tutchone textbook and audio, made by Margaret Workman, a native Southern Tutchone speaker. This information, along with other multimedia Southern Tutchone language learning and documentation resources, is currently available through the YNLC.Yukon Native Language Center, (n.d.). ''Southern Tutchone''. Retrieved from: http://www.ynlc.ca/stutchone.shtml In addition, in 1994 the Ta'an Kwach'an Council took part in an oral history and language preservation project, in which traditions, genealogy, and more information was documented.Metcalf, B., Dr. Gardner, L. & Netro, G. (1999). ''We Are Our Language''. (pp. 96-110). Whitehorse, YT, Canada: Yukon Aboriginal Languages Services.

Education

Tutchone language classes have been taught in Yukon schools since the early 1980s. Southern Tutchone language classes are included in the curriculum for students grades K-12 in schools at Kluane Lake, and three elementary schools in Whitehorse have language programs for Southern Tutchone. The St. Elias Community School in Haines Junction also offers Southern Tutchone language classes to students from K-12: one teacher handles K-4, another grades 5-12. In addition, the Yukon Native Language Center provides support for schools in regards to language learning, such the "Dakeyi – Our Country" program which is focused on high school students. In 2009, kindergarten classes in Haines Junction began learning Southern Tuchone in a bi-cultural program.

Community engagement

There have been ongoing community collaborations across the Yukon in regards to Southern Tutchone, with varied camps, workshops, and programs. For example, in 1995 and 1996, the Kluane First Nations participated in the sessions of "Working Together to Pass it on", a workshop meant to promote language activities and usage at home and the community. In addition, the Southern Tutchone Tribal Council held its first language conference "Kakwaddhin – Marking the Trail" in 1996, in order to review language programs and draft long and short term strategic plans. This led to successful programs, including the "Following your Grandfather trail" camp in Klukshu in 1997. Nowadays there are varied programs offered in the Yukon to continue the language revitalization efforts, such as the Southern Tutchone Language Immersion program for adults. In 2018, The Champagne and Aishihik First Nation began a two-year Southern Tutchone immersion program, for adults with prior knowledge to the language. The program is under development and is the first of its kind in the Yukon Territory.

In popular culture

Jerry Alfred's "" (Grandfather song), sung in Northern Tuchone, won a

Juno Award The Juno Awards (stylized as JUNOS), or simply known as the Junos, are awards presented by Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences to recognize outstanding achievements in Canada's mu ...

in the Best Aboriginal Album category in 1996. Since 2011 the Adäka Cultural Festival, an annual multi-disciplinary arts and culture festival, has been held in Whitehorse. Celebrating First Nations arts and culture, with a specific focus on Yukon First Nations, , in the Southern Tutchone language, means 'coming into the light'.

References

External links

Yukon Native Language Center : Northern Tutchone

First Voices: Southern Tutchone

Freelang Tutchone (Southern)-English dictionary

OLAC resources in and about the Northern Tutchone language

OLAC resources in and about the Southern Tutchone language
{{Languages of Canada Northern Athabaskan languages Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic First Nations languages in Canada Critically endangered languages Definitely endangered languages Northern Tutchone Southern Tutchone