''Turritella'' is a genus of medium-sized sea snails with an Operculum (gastropod), operculum, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks in the family Turritellidae.Vos, C.; Gofas, S. (2013). Turritella Lamarck, 1799. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138615 on 2013-06-02 They have tightly coiled shells, whose overall shape is basically that of an elongated cone. The name ''Turritella'' comes from the Latin word ''turritus'' meaning "turreted" or "towered" and the diminutive suffix ''-ella''.

Species

Valid

Valid species within the genus ''Tarantella'' are listed below. Fossil species are marked with a dagger "†". * ''Turritella acropora'' (Dall, 1889) * ''Turritella albolapis'' Finlay, 1924 * ''Turritella algida'' Melvill & Standen, 1912 * ''Turritella anactor'' Berry, 1957 * ''Turritella annulata'' Kiener, 1843 * † ''Turritella apicalis'' - Pleistocene of Florida * ''Turritella attenuata'' Reeve, 1849 * ''Turritella aurocincta'' Martens, 1875 * ''Turritella bacillum'' Kiener, 1843 * † ''Turritella badensis'' - Cenozoic of Denmark, Germany and Poland * ''Turritella banksii'' Gray in Reeve, 1849 * ''Turritella bayeri'' Petuch, 2001 * ''Turritella bicingulata'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Turritella broderipiana'' d'Orbigny, 1840 * ''Turritella caelata'' Mörch in Dunker, 1858 * ''Turritella capensis'' (Krauss, 1848) * ''Turritella carinifera'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Turritella chordata'' Suter, 1908 * ''Turritella chrysotoxa'' Tomlin, 1825 *'' Turritella cingulata'' Sowerby, 1825 * ''Turritella cingulifera'' G.B. Sowerby I, 1825 * ''Turritella clarionensis'' Hertlein & Strong, 1951 * ''Turritella cochlea'' Reeve, 1849 * ''Turritella columnaris'' Kiener, 1843 * ''Turritella communis'' Antoine Risso, Risso, 1826 * ''Turritella concava'' Martens, 1880 * ''Turritella congelata'' Adams & Reeve, 1850 * ''Turritella conofasciata'' (Sacco 1895) * ''Turritella conspersa'' Adams & Reeve, 1850 * ''Turritella cooperi'' Carpenter, 1864 * ''Turritella cornea'' Lamarck, 1822 * ''Turritella couteaudi'' Rochebrune & Mabille, 1889 * † ''Turritella crenulata'' Nyst, 1844 * ''Turritella crocea'' Kiener, 1843 * † ''Turritella cruzadoi'' DeVries, 2007 * ''Turritella decipiens'' Monterosato, 1878 * ''Turritella declivis'' Adams & Reeve, 1850 * ''Turritella dirkhartogensis'' (Garrard, 1972) * ''Turritella duplicata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Turritella dura'' Mörch, 1860 * ''Turritella elachista'' Rochebrune & Mabille, 1889 * ''Turritella exoleta'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Turritella fastigiata'' Adams & Reeve, 1850 * ''Turritella ferruginea'' Reeve, 1849 * ''Turritella fultoni'' Melvill & Standen, 1901 * ''Turritella fuscomaculata'' Bozzetti, 2009 * ''Turritella gemmata'' Reeve, 1849 * ''Turritella gonostoma'' Valenciennes, 1832 * ''Turritella hastula'' Reeve, 1849 * ''Turritella hookeri'' Reeve, 1849 * ''Turritella incisa'' Reeve, 1849 * † ''Turritella incrassata'' - Pliocene of Belgium * ''Turritella knysnaensis'' Krauss, 1848 * ''Turritella leeuwinensis'' (Garrard, 1972) * ''Turritella lentiginosa'' Reeve, 1849 * ''Turritella leucostoma'' Valenciennes, 1832 * ''Turritella ligar'' Deshayes, 1843 * ''Turritella lindae'' (Petuch, 1987) * ''Turritella lyonsi'' Garcia, 2006 * ''Turritella maculata'' Reeve, 1849 * ''Turritella marianopsis'' Petuch, 1990 * ''Turritella minuta'' Turton, 1932 * ''Turritella monilifera'' Adams & Reeve, 1850 * ''Turritella monterosatoi'' Kobelt, 1887 * ''Turritella nebulosa'' Kiener, 1843 * ''Turritella nodulosa'' King & Broderip, 1832 * ''Turritella praetermissa'' (Dautzenberg, 1912) * ''Turritella punctata'' Kiener, 1843 * ''Turritella radula'' Kiener, 1843 * ''Turritella reevei'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906 * † ''Turritella riverae'' DeVries, 2007 * ''Turritella rubescens'' Reeve, 1849 * † ''Turritella salasi'' DeVries, 2007 * ''Turritella sanguinea'' Reeve, 1849 * ''Turritella sedanensis'' (Martin 1905) * † ''Turritella steiningeri'' Harzhauser, 2007Harzhauser M. (2007). "Oligocene and Aquitanian gastropod faunas from the Sultanate of Oman and their biogeographic implications for the western Indo-Pacific". ''Palaeontographica Abteilung'' A 280: 75-121
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* ''Turritella terebra'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * † ''Turritella terebralis'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Turritella torulosa'' Kiener, 1843 * † ''Turritella trempina'' - Pliocene * ''Turritella triplicata'' Philippi, 1836 * ''Turritella turbona'' Monterosato, 1877 * † ''Turritella turris'' - Early Miocene of Central Europe * ''Turritella ungulina'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Turritella variegata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Turritella vermicularis'' (Brocchi, 1814) * † ''Turritella vertebroides'' Morton, 1834 - Late Cretaceous of South of North America * ''Turritella wareni'' Ryall & Vos, 2010 * ''Turritella willetti'' McLean, 1970 * ''Turritella yucatecana'' (Dall, 1881) Seashell1

Invalid

These are species assigned to ''Turritella'' that were brought into synonymy with other taxa: * ''Turritella (Torcula)'' Gray, 1847: synonym of ''Turritella'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Turritella (Torcula) cochlea'' Reeve, 1849: synonym of ''Turritella cochlea'' Reeve, 1849 * ''Turritella acicula'' Stimpson, 1851: synonym of ''Turritellopsis stimpsoni'' (Dall, 1919) * ''Turritella alternata'' Say, 1822: synonym of ''Bittiolum alternatum'' (Say, 1822) * † ''Turritella andenensis'' Otuka, 1934: synonym of ''Neohaustator andenensis'' (Otuka, 1934) * ''Turritella aquila'' Reeve, 1849: synonym of ''Turritella conspersa'' Adams & Reeve, 1850 * ''Turritella areolata'' Stimpson, 1851: synonym of ''Tachyrhynchus reticulatus'' (Mighels & Adams, 1842) * ''Turritella auricincta'' Martens, 1875: synonym of ''Turritella aurocincta'' Martens, 1875 * ''Turritella bicolor'' Adams & Reeve, 1850: synonym of ''Turritella cingulifera'' G.B. Sowerby I, 1825 * ''Turritella brevialis'' Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''Mesalia brevialis'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Turritella canaliculata'' Adams & Reeve, 1850: synonym of ''Turritella cingulifera'' G.B. Sowerby I, 1825 * ''Turritella candida'' Reeve, 1849: synonym of ''Turritella gemmata'' Reeve, 1849 * ''Turritella cingulata'' Sowerby, 1825 is a synonym of ''Incatella cingulata'' (Sowerby, 1825)DeVries T. J. (2007). "Cenozoic Turritellidae (Gastropoda) from southern Peru". ''Journal of Paleontology'' 81(2): 331-351. . * ''Turritella concava'' Say, 1826: synonym of'' Terebra concava'' (Say, 1826) * ''Turritella costulata'' Mighels & Adams, 1842: synonym of ''Acirsa borealis'' (Lyell, 1841) * ''Turritella costulata'' Møller, 1842: synonym of ''Eumetula arctica'' (Mørch, 1857) * ''Turritella crenulata'' (Donald, 1900): synonym of ''Colpospira joannae'' (Hedley, 1923) * ''Turritella erosa'' Couthouy, 1838: synonym of ''Tachyrhynchus erosus'' (Couthouy, 1838) * ''Turritella eschrichti'' Hölböll in Möller, 1842: synonym of ''Acirsa borealis'' (Lyell, 1841) * ''Turritella excavata'' G. B. Sowerby III, 1870: synonym of ''Turritella declivis'' Adams & Reeve in Reeve, 1849 * ''Turritella flammulata'' Kiener, 1843-44: synonym of''Turritella ligar'' Deshayes, 1843 * ''Turritella fortilirata'' G. B. Sowerby III, 1914: synonym of ''Neohaustator fortilirata'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1914) * ''Turritella gracillima'' Gould, 1860: synonym of ''Turritella cingulifera'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 * ''Turritella granosa'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: synonym of ''Opalia granosa'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) * ''Turritella imbricata'' (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of ''Turritella variegata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Turritella knysnaensis'' Krauss, 1848: synonym of ''Turritella capensis'' (Krauss, 1848) * ''Turritella lactea'' Möller, 1842: synonym of ''Mesalia lactea'' (Möller, 1842) * † ''Turritella maiquetiana'' Weisbord, 1962: synonym of ''Turritella paraguanensis'' Hodson, 1926 * ''Turritella mediolevis'' Verco, 1910: synonym of ''Colpospira mediolevis'' (Verco, 1910) * ''Turritella meta'' Reeve, 1849: synonym of ''Turritella gemmata'' * ''Turritella monterosatoi'' Kobelt, 1887: synonym of ''Turritella turbona'' Monterosato, 1877 * ''Turritella nzimaorum'' Ryall & Vos, 2010: synonym of ''Turritella caelata'' Mörch in Dunker, 1858 * ''Turritella opalina'' Adams & Reeve, 1850: synonym of ''Mesalia opalina'' (Adams & Reeve, 1850) * ''Turritella opulenta'' Hedley, 1907: synonym of ''Glyptozaria opulenta'' (Hedley, 1907) * ''Turritella paraguanensis'' Hodson, 1926: synonym of ''Turritella variegata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Turritella philippi'' Aradas, 1842: synonym of ''Acirsa subdecussata'' (Cantraine, 1835) * ''Turritella polaris'' Möller, 1842: synonym of ''Tachyrhynchus erosus'' (Couthouy, 1838) * ''Turritella spina'' Crosse & Fischer, 1864: synonym of ''Cingulina spina'' (Crosse & Fischer, 1864) * ''Turritella reticulata'' Mighels & Adams, 1842: synonym of ''Tachyrhynchus reticulatus'' (Mighels & Adams, 1842) * ''Turritella spirata'' Sowerby I, 1825: synonym of ''Eglisia spirata'' (Sowerby I, 1825) * ''Turritella symmetrica'' Hutton, 1873: synonym of ''Stiracolpus symmetricus'' (Hutton, 1873) * ''Turritella trisulcata'' Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''Turritella vermicularis'' * ''Turritella yucatecanum'' Dall, 1881: synonym of ''Turritella yucatecana'' (Dall, 1881)

Fossil species

The genus is known from the Cretaceous to the Holocene, Recent periods. The shells are quite frequently found as fossils, and the carbonate stone made from large quantities of ''Turritella'' shells is often referred to as "Turritella limestone", or, if Silicate, silicified, "Turritella agate". Both varieties of this stone are commonly sold as polished cabochons.

"Turritella agate"

One variety of "Turritella agate", that from the Green River Formation in Wyoming, is a fossiliferous rock which does indeed contain numerous high-spired snail shells. However, contrary to the common name, these snails are not in the marine genus ''Turritella'', instead they are freshwater snails in the species ''Elimia tenera'', family Pleuroceridae from the Eocene epoch. The rock in which these snail shells are so abundant varies from a soft sandstone to a dense chalcedony. This dense silicified rock is popular with gem and mineral hobbyists, as well as with New Age practitioners.

Turritellenplatte

The ''Erminger Turritellenplatte'' ("''Turritella'' plate of Ermingen") near Ulm, Germany is a rocky outcrop situated in the northern part of the North Alpine Foreland Basin. It is famous for its superabundance of ''Turritella turris'' shells within its sediments Baier J. (2008). "Über die Tertiärbildungen im Ulmer Raum" ["On Tertiary structures in the Ulm region"]. ''Documenta Naturae'' 168: 1-32. and dates from the Burdigalian.

References

Caenogastropoda
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Man and Mollusc

External links

"1. Turritella bicolor; 2. Turritella congelata; 3. Turritella conspersa; 4. Turritella miltilirata; 5. Turritella vittulata; 6. Turritella monilifera; 7. Turritella opalina; 8. Eglisia tricarinata; 9. Turritella fastigiata; 10. Turritela declivis; 11. Turritella canaliculata"
New York Public Library no-charge digital image available; image dated 1850. {{Taxonbar, from=Q76879 Prehistoric life of Europe Turritellidae Cretaceous molluscs Cenozoic molluscs Extant Late Jurassic first appearances Gastropod genera