The Ottoman War Medal () was a military decoration awarded by the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
. It was commonly known in English as the Gallipoli Star and in German as the ''Eiserner Halbmond'' (Iron Crescent, in allusion to the
Iron Cross
The Iron Cross (, , abbreviated EK) was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire (1871–1918), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945). The design, a black cross pattée with a white or silver outline, was derived from the in ...
). It was instituted by Sultan
Mehmed V
Mehmed V Reşâd (; or ; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) was the penultimate List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1909 to 1918. Mehmed V reigned as a Constitutional monarchy, constitutional monarch. He had ...
on
1 March
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor Diocletian ...
1915
Events
Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix.
January
*January – British physicist Sir Joseph Larmor publishes his observations on "The Influence of Local Atmospheric Cooling on Astronomical Refraction".
*January 1
* ...
for gallantry in battle. This decoration was awarded for the duration of
World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
to Ottoman and other
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,; ; , ; were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918). It consisted of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulga ...
The award includes a badge, ribbon and campaign bar.
The medal, made of
nickel
Nickel is a chemical element; it has symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a hard and ductile transition metal. Pure nickel is chemically reactive, but large pieces are slo ...
-plated brass, has a vaulted star-shaped badge, 56 mm across the diagonal span of the arms. The tips of the star are capped by ball finials and enclosed in a raised silver edge with the field in red
lacquer
Lacquer is a type of hard and usually shiny coating or finish applied to materials such as wood or metal. It is most often made from resin extracted from trees and waxes and has been in use since antiquity.
Asian lacquerware, which may be c ...
crescent
A crescent shape (, ) is a symbol or emblem used to represent the lunar phase (as it appears in the northern hemisphere) in the first quarter (the "sickle moon"), or by extension a symbol representing the Moon itself.
In Hindu iconography, Hind ...
, open at the top, encircles the center of the badge. Inside the crescent is the
Tughra
A tughra (; ) is a calligraphy, calligraphic monogram, Seal (emblem), seal or signature of a sultan that was affixed to all official documents and correspondence. Inspired by the Tamga, tamgha, it was also carved on his seal and stamped on the co ...
or cipher of the decoration's creator, Sultan Mehmed V Reşâd, over the date 1333 AH (AD 1915). The reverse is flat, unadorned and has a straight pin.
Along with the badge came a ribbon with red and white stripes. The dimensions of the ribbon for combatants are: red 2.5 mm; white, 5 mm.; red, 29 mm.; white, 5 mm.; red 2.5 mm. For non-combatant awardees, the colors are reversed.
The campaign bars were not originally for wear with the War Medal, but with the
Imtiaz Imtiaz or Imtiyaz () is a given name of Arabic origin, which means "distinct" or "unique". It may refer to:
* Imtiaz Abbasi (born 1968), Emirati cricketer
* Imtiyaz Ahmed (born 1985), Indian cricketer
* Imtiaz Alam Hanfi (1929–2015), Pakistani b ...
and
Liakat Medal
The Liakat Medal () translated as "Medal of Merit," was a decoration of the Ottoman Empire established in 1890. It could be awarded in two classes, gold or silver. The medal was a common military decoration of the late Ottoman Empire, through the ...
s, but were often found worn on the ribbon of the War Medal. Kurt-Gerhard Klietmann: ''Ordenskunde – Beiträge zur Geschichte der Auszeichnungen. Nr. 50.'' Die Ordens-Sammlung, Berlin 1976 The campaign bar is a right-pointing parabola of white at 56mm in length and 7mm in height. In the field is red
Arabic script
The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic (Arabic alphabet) and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world (after the Latin script), the second-most widel ...
Kanal
Kanal may refer to:
* Kanal (unit), a unit of area equivalent to one-eighth of an acre, used in northern India and Pakistan
* ''Kanał'', a 1956 Polish film directed by Andrzej Wajda
* ''Kanal'' (1979 film), a 1979 Turkish film
* ''Kanal'' (2015 ...
*
Kut-al-Amara
Kūt (), officially Al-Kut, also spelled Kutulamare, Kut al-Imara, or Kut Al Amara is a city in eastern Iraq, on the left bank of the Tigris River, about south east of Baghdad, and the capital of the Wasit Governorate. the estimated populat ...
*
Sanatorium
A sanatorium (from Latin '' sānāre'' 'to heal'), also sanitarium or sanitorium, is a historic name for a specialised hospital for the treatment of specific diseases, related ailments, and convalescence.
Sanatoriums are often in a health ...
Wear
When in formal dress, the badge was worn at the center, below the right breast pocket. Wear of the badge was exclusive; in everyday wear was substituted by the ribbon. The ribbon was worn from the second hole in the tunic button.
For Austrian and German awardees (often members of the Asienkorps), the award took lower precedence to their own
Iron Cross
The Iron Cross (, , abbreviated EK) was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire (1871–1918), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945). The design, a black cross pattée with a white or silver outline, was derived from the in ...
2nd class, and the ribbon of the Iron Crescent was placed beneath that of the Iron Cross.
The ribbon could also be fashioned into a chest riband for placement on a ribbon bar when in undress.
The campaign bar was usually not worn.
Notable recipients
Ottomans
*
Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri
Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri Efendi ( ;15 August 1894 – 1 January 1952) was an Ottoman prince, son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and Peyveste Hanım.
Early life
Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri was born on 15 August 1894 in the Yıldız Palace. His father w ...
Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim
Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim Efendi (; 28 September 1894 – 26 May 1926) was an Ottoman prince, the son of Şehzade Selim Süleyman, and the grandson of Sultan Abdulmejid I.
Early life
Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim was born on 28 September 1894 in ...
*
Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin
Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin Efendi (; 22 September 1874 – 19 October 1927) was an Ottoman prince, the son of Sultan Abdulaziz and Gevheri Kadın.
Early life
Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin was born on 22 September 1874 in the Çırağan Palace. His ...
*
Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin
Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin Efendi (; 26 August 1873 – 30 January 1938) was an Ottoman prince, firstborn of Sultan Mehmed V, born by his first consort Kamures Kadın.
Early life
Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin was born on 26 August 1873 in his fathe ...
*
Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin
Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin Efendi (; ; 11 October 1857 – 1 February 1916) was an Ottoman prince, the eldest son of Sultan Abdülaziz and his first consort Dürrinev Kadın.
Early life and education
Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin was born on 29 Septe ...
*
Şehzade Ömer Faruk
Şehzade Ömer Faruk Efendi (; also Ömer Faruk Osmanoğlu; 27 February 1898 – 28 March 1969) was an Ottoman Empire, Ottoman prince, the son of the last caliph of Muslim world Abdulmejid II and his first consort Şehsuvar Hanım. He was also th ...
*
Şehzade Ömer Hilmi
Şehzade Ömer Hilmi Efendi (; 2 March 1886 – 6 April 1935) was an Ottoman prince, the third son of Sultan Mehmed V, and his consort Mihrengiz Kadın. His great-granddaughter, Ayşe Gülnev Osmanoğlu, is currently an author of historical n ...
*
Şehzade Osman Fuad
Şehzade Osman Fuad Efendi ( also Osman Füad Osmanoğlu, 25 February 1895 – 22 May 1973) was an Ottoman prince, the son of Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin, and the grandson of Sultan Murad V, who reigned briefly in 1876. He was the 39th head of th ...
*
Halit Akmansü
Halit Akmansü (1883; Daday, Kastamonu Vilayet – 10 February 1953; Istanbul), also known as Dadayli Halit Bey, was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army.
Medals and decorations
*Gallipoli Star
* Nichan Iftikhar
*Silver Medal ...
Mehmet Arif Bey
Mehmet Arif Bey (1882 – 13 July 1926), also known as "Ayıcı" Arif ("Bear-Leader Arif"), was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army.
Works
*''Anadolu İnkılabı ve Mücahedat-ı Milliye Hatırası (1335 – 1339)'' (reprinte ...
Aşir Atlı
Aşir Atlı (1881; Kilis – October 23, 1957; Istanbul) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Armed Forces. He was of Circassian origin.
See also
*List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence
...
*
Hüseyin Avni Bey
Hüseyin Avni Bey (1875 - 13 August 1915) was the commander of the 57th Infantry Regiment of the Ottoman Army at the Battle of Gallipoli during which he led a counterattack that successfully stabilized the right flank of the Ottoman defences o ...
Cemil Conk
Cemil Conk (1873 in Üsküdar – 1963 in Istanbul) was a decorated officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army. He received as surname the name of Conk Bayırı, where he successfully fought at the Battle of Chunuk Bair (C ...
Ahmet Derviş
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See also
*List of high-ranking ...
Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak
Mustafa () is one of the names of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the name means "chosen, selected, appointed, preferred", used as an Arabic given name and surname. Mustafa is a common name in the Muslim world.
Given name Moustafa
* Moustafa A ...
*
Sadullah Güney
Sadullah Güney also known as Ali Sadullah Bey (Galata, 1883 – June 18, 1945) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army. He was also the General Director of the Seyr-i Sefain (January 6, 1923 – July 1, 1933).
Medals and de ...
*
İsmail Hakkı Bey
In the biblical Book of Genesis, Ishmael (; ; ; ) is the first son of Abraham. His mother was Hagar, the handmaiden of Abraham's wife Sarah. He died at the age of 137. Traditionally, he is seen as the ancestor of the Arabs.
Within Islam, Ishm ...
Kâzım İnanç
Kâzım İnanç (1880 – 21 September 1938) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army. He was of Kurdish origin.Ethem Necdet Karabudak
*
Nazif Kayacık
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Medals and decorations
*Order of the Medjidie
*Order of Osminieh ...
*
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish field marshal and revolutionary statesman who was the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President of Turkey, president from 1923 until Death an ...
*
Ömer Lütfi Argeşo
Ömer Lütfi Argeşo or Ömer Lütfü Argeşo (1879; (Istanbul) - December 16, 1942; Istanbul) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and of the Turkish Army. He served in the 1st cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey in 1920–21.
Medals a ...
Arif Örgüç
Arif Örgüç, also known as Mehmet Arif Örgüç, Hacı Arif Örgüç (1876 in Constantinople (Istanbul) – April 1940 in Istanbul) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army.
Medals and decorations
*Order of the Medjidie
*Ga ...
Ludomił Rayski
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*
Rüştü Pasha
Rüştü Pasha or Rushdi Pasha (, 1872 – July 13, 1926) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army. He became a leader of the Progressive Republican Party, being a member of its Central Administrative Committee. ...
*
Rüştü Sakarya
Rüştü Sakarya (1877 in Constantinople (Istanbul) – December 2, 1951) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army. He fought in the Gallipoli campaign of World War I. He earned his surname "Sakarya" due to his brave ...
Süleyman Sabri Pasha
Süleyman Sabri Pasha (1873 in Monastir (Bitola) – November 3, 1941 in Istanbul) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the general of the Turkish Army.
Works
*''Van Tarihi ve Kürt Türkleri Hakkında İnceleme''
Medals and decorations
* ...
*
Kâzım Sevüktekin
Kâzım Sevüktekin (1877 – 1 April 1949) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the general of the Turkish Army, a politician of the Republic of Turkey.Türk Parlamento Tarihi Araştırma Grubu, ''Türk Parlamento Tarihi, III. Dönem 1927– ...
*
İhsan Sökmen
İhsan Lâtif Sökmen, also known as Ali İhsan Pasha (1873 – 26 December 1955) was a Turkish people, Turkish soldier and politician who is notable for his participation in World War I.
Biography
After graduating from the Ottoman Military Coll ...
Mehmet Suphi Kula
Mehmet Suphi Kula (1881 in Monastir (Bitola) – October 19, 1948 in Istanbul) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the general of the Turkish Army. He captured Smyrna from the Greek forces during the Turkish War of Independence.
See also
*L ...
Şerif Yaçağaz
Şerif Yaçağaz (1876 – 5 October 1938) was a Turkish career officer, civil servant and antisemitic politician, who served as an officer in the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army. His antisemitic and anti-communist lectures drew the attention o ...
Austro-Hungarians
*
Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria
Archduke Charles Stephen Eugene Viktor Felix Maria of Austria (, ; 5 September 1860 – 7 April 1933) was a member of the House of Habsburg, a Grand Admiral in the Austro-Hungarian Navy and candidate for the Kingdom of Poland (1916-1918), Polish ...
Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli (12 February 1856 – 9 December 1941) was an Austrian general during World War I who rose to the rank of field marshal in the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was the head of the Second Army and fought mainly on the f ...
Miklós Horthy
Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya (18 June 1868 – 9 February 1957) was a Hungarian admiral and statesman who was the Regent of Hungary, regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946), Kingdom of Hungary Hungary between the World Wars, during the ...
Gusztáv Jány
Colonel General '' Vitéz'' Gusztáv Jány (born Gusztáv Hautzinger; 21 October 1883 – 26 November 1947) was a Hungarian military officer during the Second World War who commanded the Hungarian Second Army at the Battle of Stalingrad. Aft ...
*
Karl Freiherr von Pflanzer-Baltin
Karl Freiherr von Pflanzer-Baltin (1 June 1855, Pécs, Austrian Empire – 8 April 1925, Vienna) was an Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austro-Hungarian general who was active in World War I.
Biography
Pflanzer-Baltin became General of Cavalry from Octo ...
*
*
Bogusław Shashkevych
Bogusław Shashkevych was a Ukrainian major of the Ukrainian Galician Army, commander of the 9th UGA Infantry Brigade, and later the 21st and 4th UGA Infantry Brigades who served in World War I and the Polish–Ukrainian War.
Biography
Shashkevy ...
Viktor Weber Edler von Webenau
Viktor Weber Edler von Webenau (13 November 1861 in Neuhaus – 6 May 1932 in Innsbruck), General in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I, military governor of Montenegro between 1916 and 1917 and head of the Austro-Hungarian armistice ...
Ivan Valkov
Ivan Valkov (; 31 January 1875, in Kazanlak, Ottoman Empire – 20 April 1962, in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria) was a Bulgarian General of Infantry who fought in World War I and later held the post of Minister of War (1923–1929).
Early life
Ivan V ...
*
Nikola Zhekov
Nikola Todorov Zhekov (; ; 6 January 1865 – 1 November 1949) was the Minister of War of Bulgaria in 1915 and served as commander-in-chief from 1915 to 1918 during World War I.
Biography
Nikola Zhekov was born 1865 in Sliven. He was accepted ...
Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière
'' Vizeadmiral'' Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière (; 18 March 1886 – 24 February 1941), born in Posen, Prussia, and of French-German descent, was a German U-boat commander during World War I. With 194 ships and sunk, he is the most successfu ...
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria
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*
Prince Alfons of Bavaria
Prince Alfons of Bavaria (; 24 January 1862 – 8 January 1933) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and a General, General of Cavalry.
Early life and family
Alfons was born in Munich, Bavaria
Bavaria, officially the Free ...
*
Prince Franz of Bavaria
Prince Franz of Bavaria () (10 October 1875 – 25 January 1957) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and a Major General in the Bavarian Army.
Early life and military career
Franz was born at Schloss Leutstetten, Starnb ...
Prince Heinrich of Bavaria
Prince Heinrich of Bavaria (24 June 1884 – 8 November 1916) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and a highly decorated Army officer in the First World War.
Early life
Heinrich was born in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria. ...
Prince Leopold of Bavaria
Prince Leopold of Bavaria (Leopold Maximilian Joseph Maria Arnulf; 9 February 1846 – 28 September 1930) was born in Munich, the second son of Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria (1821–1912) and his wife Archduchess Augusta of Austria (1825– ...
*
Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria
Prince Ludwig Ferdinand Maria Karl Heinrich Adalbert Franz Philipp Andreas Konstantin of Bavaria (22 October 1859 – 23 November 1949) was a member of the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach and a General of Cavalry. Following his marriage to Infant ...
*
Johannes Blaskowitz
Johannes Albrecht Blaskowitz (10 July 1883 – 5 February 1948) was a German ''Generaloberst'' during World War II. After joining the Imperial German Army in 1901, Blaskowitz served throughout World War I, where he earned the Iron Cross for brav ...
*
Johannes Block __NOTOC__
Johannes Block (17 November 1894 – 26 January 1945) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who held commands at division and corps level. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. Blo ...
*
Karl Bodenschatz
Karl-Heinrich Bodenschatz (10 December 1890 – 25 August 1979) was a German general who was the adjutant to Manfred von Richthofen in World War I and the liaison officer between Hermann Göring and Adolf Hitler in World War II.
Biography
Ear ...
*
Felix Graf von Bothmer
Felix Ludwig Graf von Bothmer (10 December 1852 – 18 March 1937) was a German general from Kingdom of Bavaria, Bavaria. He notably served in the Brusilov offensive of World War I.
Military Career and After
After completing the royal pagery, Gr ...
Walter von Bülow-Bothkamp
Walter Kuno Reinhold Gustav von Bülow-Bothkamp (alternate spelling Bothcamp) (24 April 1894 - 6 January 1918) was a German fighter ace from an aristocratic family who was credited with 28 victories. After entering World War I as a hussar, he tra ...
*
Rolf Carls
Rolf Hans Wilhelm Karl Carls (29 May 1885 – 24 April 1945) was a high-ranking German admiral and deputy to Kriegsmarine commander-in-chief Erich Raeder during much of World War II.
Carls served as ''Flottenchef'' (Fleet commander (Kriegsmarine ...
*
Carl Clewing
Theodor Rudolph Carl Clewing ( 22 April 1884 – 15 May 1954) was a German operatic tenor/heldentenor, stage and film actor, composer of the song ''Alle Tage ist kein Sonntag'' and professor at the Universität der Künste Berlin.
Life
Born in ...
Karl Dönitz
Karl Dönitz (; 16 September 1891 – 24 December 1980) was a German grand admiral and convicted war criminal who, following Adolf Hitler's Death of Adolf Hitler, suicide, succeeded him as head of state of Nazi Germany during the Second World ...
Waldemar Erfurth
Waldemar Erfurth (4 August 1879 – 2 May 1971) was a German general of infantry, a writer and liaison officer to Finland during World War II
Erfurth was born in Berlin. He served in World War I, winning the Iron Cross 1st Class and the Knight's ...
*
Alexander Freiherr von Falkenhausen
Alexander Ernst Alfred Hermann Freiherr von Falkenhausen (29 October 187831 July 1966) was a German general and military advisor to Chiang Kai-shek. He was an important figure during the Sino-German cooperation to reform the Chinese army. In ...
*
Erich Fellgiebel
Fritz Erich Fellgiebel (4 October 1886 – 4 September 1944) was a German Army general of signals and a resistance fighter, participating in both the 1938 September Conspiracy to topple dictator Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, and the 1944 20 Ju ...
Ernst-Eberhard Hell
Ernst-Eberhard Hell (19 September 1887 – 15 September 1973) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He commanded several divisions and later an army corps. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak ...
Wilhelm Heye
Wilhelm Heye (31 January 1869 – 11 March 1947) was a Prussian and German officer who rose to the rank of Generaloberst and became Chief of the Army Command within the Ministry of the Reichswehr in the Weimar Republic.
Family
Maximilian He ...
*
Paul von Hindenburg
Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German military and political leader who led the Imperial German Army during the First World War and later became President of Germany (1919 ...
Rudolf Höss
Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Höss (also Höß, Hoeß, or Hoess; ; 25 November 1901 – 16 April 1947) was a German SS officer and the commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp. After the defeat of Nazi Germany and the end of World War II, he w ...
*
Max Immelmann
Max Immelmann (21 September 1890 – 18 June 1916) ''Pour le Mérite, PLM'' was the first German Lists of World War I flying aces, World War I flying ace.Shores, 1983, p. 10. He was a pioneer in fighter aviation and is often mistakenly credi ...
*
Ernst Kantorowicz
Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (May 3, 1895 – September 9, 1963) was a German historian of medieval political and intellectual history and art, known for his 1927 book '' Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite'' on Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, and '' The K ...
*
Rudolf Koch-Erpach
Rudolf Koch-Erpach (9 April 1886 – 28 November 1971) was a German general during World War II who commanded the LVI Panzer Corps and the 1st Army.
Biography
Koch-Erpach was born in Munich, and eventually rose to the rank of general. In ...
*
Robert Kosch
Robert Paul Theodor von Kosch (5 April 1856 – 22 December 1942) was a Prussian General of the Infantry during World War I.
Early life
Robert was the youngest of ten children of Hermann and Agnes Kosch. After attending the Cadet corps, on 23 ...
Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
Wilhelm Josef Franz Ritter von Leeb (5 September 1876 – 29 April 1956) was a German ''Generalfeldmarschall'' (Field marshal, Field Marshal) of the ''Wehrmacht'' during the Second World War, who was subsequently convicted of war crimes. Leeb w ...
*
Otto Liman von Sanders
Otto Viktor Karl Liman von Sanders (; 17 February 1855 – 22 August 1929) was an Imperial German Army general who served as a military adviser to the Ottoman Army during the First World War. He was born to Jewish noble family and like many o ...
*
Ernst Lindemann
Otto Ernst Lindemann (28 March 1894 – 27 May 1941) was a German ''Kapitän zur See'' (Captain (naval), naval captain). He was the only commander of the battleship during its eight months of service in World War II.
Lindemann joined the Germa ...
*
Otto von Lossow
Otto Hermann von Lossow (15 January 1868 – 25 November 1938) was a Bavarian Army and then German Army officer who played a prominent role in the events surrounding the attempted Beer Hall Putsch by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in November 19 ...
*
Erich Lüdke
Erich Lüdke (20 October 1882 – 13 February 1946) was a German General of the Infantry who was supreme commander of the German forces in Denmark from 1 June 1940 to 29 September 1942. Taken into custody by the Soviets after the war, he died in c ...
*
Erich von Manstein
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Walter Model
Otto Moritz Walter Model (; 24 January 1891 – 21 April 1945) was a German during World War II. Although he was a hard-driving, aggressive panzer commander early in the war, Model became best known as a practitioner of defensive warfare. H ...
Vincenz Müller
Vincenz Müller (5 November 1894 – 12 May 1961) was a military officer and general who served in the Imperial German army, the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany, and after the war in the National People's Army of the (East) German Democratic Republic ...
Wilhelm II
Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 until Abdication of Wilhelm II, his abdication in 1918, which marked the end of the German Empire as well as th ...
, German Emperor and King of Prussia
*
Erich Raeder
Erich Johann Albert Raeder (24 April 1876 – 6 November 1960) was a German admiral who played a major role in the naval history of World War II and was convicted of war crimes after the war. He attained the highest possible naval rank, that of ...
*
Walther Reinhardt
Walther Gustav Reinhardt (; 24 March 1872 in Stuttgart – 8 August 1930 in Berlin) was a German officer who served as the last Prussian Minister of War and the first head of the army command (''Chef der Heeresleitung'') within the newly created ...
Willy Rohr
Willy Martin Ernst Rohr (19 May 1877 – 8 March 1930) was a German Army officer who was a major contributor to the development of infantry tactics in World War I, particularly for the system of Storm Battalions.
Biography
Willy Rohr atte ...
*
Gerd von Rundstedt
Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt (12 December 1875 – 24 February 1953) was a German ''Generalfeldmarschall'' (Field Marshal) in the ''German Army (1935–1945), Heer'' (Army) of Nazi Germany and OB West, ''Oberbefehlshaber West'' (Commande ...
*
Gustav Schneidewind
''Vizefeldwebel'' Gustav Schneidewind was a World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories.
Biography
Gustav Schneidewind was born on 28 August 1890, in the Kingdom of Prussia. He began his military service in the German Army (German ...
*
Otto von Schrader
__NOTOC__
Otto von Schrader (18 March 1888 – 19 July 1945) was a German admiral during World War II and a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany. As a U-boat commander during World War I, he was credited with the sinki ...
Hans von Seeckt
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*
Friedrich Sixt von Armin
Friedrich Bertram Sixt von Armin (27 November 1851 – 30 September 1936) was a Prussian and German general who participated in the Franco-Prussian War and was a senior commander in the First World War. In the latter he participated in many battl ...
Helmuth Wilberg
Helmuth Wilberg (1 June 1880 – 20 November 1941) was a German officer and a ''Luftwaffe'' General of the Air Force during the Second World War. He helped develop the German war strategy of ''blitzkrieg.'' He was of half-Jewish ancestry, and was ...
Duke Albrecht of Württemberg
Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and above sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they are ...
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Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg
Carl Alexander Herzog von Württemberg (later Father Odo) (12 March 1896 – 27 December 1964) was a member of the House of Württemberg who became a Benedictine monk. During the Nazi and post-Nazi era, he provided aid to refugees, Jews, and p ...
Martin Ekström
Martin Eugen Ekström (6 December 1887 – 28 December 1954) was a Swedish military adventurer who became the leader of the National Socialist Bloc, an umbrella organization for various fascist and National Socialist groups. Ekström was bor ...
Gallery
Image:Gallipoli-star.jpg, Gallipoli Star badge with ribbon
Image:Gallipoli-star-ribband.jpg, Gallipoli Star riband
Image:Gallipoli-star-turkish.jpg, Gallipoli Star – Turkish manufacture
Image:Gallipoli-star-BBen Co..jpg, Gallipoli Star badge – B.B. & Co.
Image:Gallipoli-star-german Godet.jpg, Gallipoli Star badge – Godet
Image:Gallipoli-star-jhwerner.jpg, Gallipoli Star badge – J.H. Werner
Image:Mustafa_Kemal,_1916.png, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1916 with Ottoman decorations
Image:Kress_von_Kressenstein_1916.jpg, Friedrich Freiherr Kreß von Kressenstein in Ottoman uniform.
Image:Camillo_Ruggera_(1885-1947).jpg, Camillo Ruggera in Austro-Hungarian uniform with Gallipoli Star.
File:Rudolf Hoess, Auschwitz. Album Höcker (cropped).jpg, Rudolf Hoess, Auschwitz
References
*Klietmann, Dr. Kurt-Gerhard, (1971): ''Deutsche Auszeichnungen: Ein Geschichte der Ehrenzeichen und Medaillen, Erinnerungs- und Verdienstabzeichen des Deutschen Reiches, der deutschen Staaten sowie staatlicher Dienststellen, Organisationen, Verbande usw. Vom 18. - 20. Jahrhundert. 2 Band. Deutsches Reich 1871- 1945''. Berlin: Ordenssammlung.
*ERMAN, M.Demir, (2012) Harp Madalyası - The Turkish War Medal - - http://demirerman.wix.com/turkish-war-medal
*ERMAN, M.Demir, (2023) Osmanlı-Türk Madalya ve Nişanları 1801-1923 The Ottoman-Turkish Medals and Orders- {{ISBN, 978-605-87186-0-9 - http://demirerman.wix.com/turkish-war-medal
Military awards and decorations of the Ottoman EmpireMilitary awards and decorations of World War IAwards established in 1915