Turbonillinae is a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

of mostly minute

parasitic Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The ent ...

sea snail Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...

s, marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s in the family

Pyramidellidae Pyramidellidae, common name the pyram family, or pyramid shells, is a voluminous taxonomic family of mostly small and minute ectoparasitic sea snails, marine heterobranch gastropod molluscs. The great majority of species of pyrams are micromol ...

, the pyrams and their allies.MolluscaBase (2018). Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225671 on 2018-08-09 This subfamily has been shown to be

monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...

Taxonomy

In the taxonomy of

Schander Carl Fredrik Christoffer Schander (21 May 1960 – 21 February 2012) was a professor in marine biology at the University of Bergen, Norway. He was also a thematic leader at the Centre of Excellence in Geobiology. His doctoral thesis (1997, Uni ...

, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) Turbonillinae is a part of the family Turbonillidae. *Family Turbonillidae Bronn, 1849 **Subfamily Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849 ** Subfamily

Cingulininae Cingulinini is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Tribe (biology), tribe of very small sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. Taxonomy Cingulininae was first introduced by ...

Saurin, 1958 ** Subfamily

Eulimellinae Eulimellini is a tribe of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. Taxonomy According to Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) there are 17 genera in the Eulimellinae. As "Eulime ...

Saurin, 1958 According to

, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) there are 27 genera within the Turbonillinae. Turbonillinae has been one of eleven recognised subfamilies in the family

(according to the taxonomy of Ponder & Lindberg, 1997). In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), this subfamily comprises the subfamilies Cingulininae and Eulimellinae, that have been downgraded to the rank of

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...

. *Subfamily Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849 **Tribe Turbonillini Bronn, 1849 **Tribe Cingulinini Saurin, 1958 **Tribe Eulimellini Saurin, 1958 In 2010 the subfamily Turbonillinae has been recognized as

Genera

Genera within the subfamily Turbonillinae include: tribe Turbonillini * ''

Turbonilla ''Turbonilla'' is a large genus of ectoparasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). ''Turbonilla'' Risso, 1826. Accessed through: World Register of Mar ...

'' Risso, 1826 - type genus of the subfamily Turbonillinae * '' Asmunda'' Dall & Bartsch, 1904 * '' Bacteridiella'' Saurin, 1959 * '' Bartschella'' Iredale, 1916 * ''

Bouchetmella ''Bouchetmella'' is a genus of small sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Bouchetmella Peñas & Rolán, 2016. Acc ...

'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016 * ''

Careliopsis ''Careliopsis'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). ''Careliopsis'' Mörch, 1875. Accessed through: World ...

'' Mörch, 1875 * '' Cylindroturbonilla'' Nordsieck, 1972 * '' Ebalina'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Exesilla'' Laseron, 1959 * '' Gispyrella'' Laws, 1937 * '' Graciliturbonilla'' Nordsieck, 1972 * '' Houbrickia'' Wise, 1996 * '' Lancea'' Peace, 1868 * '' Magniturbonilla'' Nordsieck, 1972 * '' Mormula''

A. Adams Arthur Adams (1820 in Gosport, Hampshire – 1878) was an England, English physician and natural history, naturalist. Adams was assistant surgeon Royal Navy on board HMS Samarang (1822), HMS ''Samarang'' during the survey of the islands of ...

, 1863 * '' Nisiturris'' Dall & Bartsch, 1906 * '' Paramormula'' Nomura, 1939 * '' Paraturbonilla'' Boettger, 1906 * '' Planpyrgiscus'' Laws, 1937 * '' Pselliogyra'' Dall & Bartsch, 1909 : synonym of '' Parthenina'' Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 * ''

Puposyrnola ''Puposyrnola'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Turbonillinae of the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Gofas, S. (2010). ''Puposyrnola''. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) Wor ...

'' Cossmann, 1921 * '' Pyrgiscilla'' Laws, 1937 * '' Pyrgiscus''

Philippi Philippi (; , ''Phílippoi'') was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos. Its original name was Crenides (, ''Krēnĩdes'' "Fountains") after its establishment by Thasian colonists in 360/359 BC. The city was renamed by Phili ...

, 1841 * '' Pyrgolampros'' Sacco, 1892 * '' Pyrgolidium'' Monterosato, 1884 * '' Striarcana'' Laws, 1937 * '' Sulcoturbonilla'' Sacco, 1892 * '' Tereoturbonilla'' Eames, 1951 * '' Turbolidium'' Robba, 2013 * ''Zaphella'' Laseron, 1959: synonym of '' Asmunda'' Dall & Bartsch, 1904 tribe Cingulinini tribe Eulimellini tribe ? * '' Kleinella'' A. Adams, 1860 :Genera brought into synonymy: * ''Amamimormula'' Kuroda, 1928: synonym of ''

'' Risso, 1826 * ''Baldra'' Dall & Bartsch, 1904: synonym of ''

'' Risso, 1826

Problematic genera within the family Turbonillinae

The following genera were difficult to place within the subfamily Turbonillinae (= Turbonillini + Cingulinini + Eulimellini): * '' Atomiscala'' DeBoury, 1909 ** '' Atomiscala islandica'' Warén, 1989 * '' Hamarilla'' Eames & Wilkins, 1957 * ''Pseudographis'' Mifsud, 1998: synonym of ''

Kejdonia ''Kejdonia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.WoRMS (2010). ''Kejdonia'' Mifsud, 1999. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. ...

'' Mifsud, 1999 * ''

Rissopsetia ''Rissopsetia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the family (biology), family Pyramidellidae.WoRMS (2010). ''Rissopsetia'' Dell, 1956. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca da ...

Dell Dell Inc. is an American technology company that develops, sells, repairs, and supports personal computers (PCs), Server (computing), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals including printers and webcam ...

, 1956 ** '' Rissopsetia hummelincki'' Faber, 1984 ** ''

Rissopsetia islandica ''Rissopsetia islandica'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Gofas, S. (2012). ''Rissopsetia islandica'' Warén, 1989. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Speci ...

'' Warén, 1989Gofas, S. (2010). ''Rissopsetia islandica'' Warén, 1989. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141043 on 2011-03-22 The genus '' Ebala'' was previously placed in the Eulimellinae, but was then placed in the family Ebalidae, that is a synonym of

Murchisonellidae Murchisonellidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of sea snails, Marine (ocean), marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Murchisonelloidea.Bouchet, P. (2015). Murchisonellidae Casey, 1904. Accessed th ...

Distribution

This family is found worldwide.

Shell description

The shell of these snails has a blunt, heterostrophic

protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called " ...

, which is pointed sideways. The shell of most species are rather high and slender. The texture of these shells is usually ribbed

sculptured Sculptured is an American experimental and progressive heavy metal music, metal band, mixing melodic and atonal segments. History Following the dissolution of his previous band, guitarist Don Anderson began Sculptured as mostly a one-man proje ...

in various forms and often also have more or less prominent spirals. Their color is mostly white, cream or yellowish, sometimes with red or brown lines. The adult shell, the

teleoconch The gastropod shell is part of the body of many gastropods, including snails, a kind of mollusc. The shell is an exoskeleton, which protects from predators, mechanical damage, and dehydration, but also serves for muscle attachment and calcium ...

is dextrally coiled, but the

larva A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase ...

l shells are

sinistral Sinistral and dextral, in some scientific fields, are the two types of chirality ("handedness") or relative direction. The terms are derived from the Latin words for "left" (''sinister'') and "right" (''dexter''). Other disciplines use different ...

. This results in a sinistrally coiled protoconch. The opening of the shell, the

aperture In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisting of a single lens) is the hole or opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image o ...

is closed by a lid, a so called operculum.

Life habits

The Turbonillinae are

ectoparasite Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted str ...

s, feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid

worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateria, bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limb (anatomy), limbs, and usually no eyes. Worms vary in size from microscopic to over in length for marine ...

s. They do not have a

radula The radula (; : radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters ...

. Instead their long

proboscis A proboscis () is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular arthropod mouthparts, mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, a pr ...

is used to pierce the skin of its prey and suck up its fluids and soft tissues. The eyes on the grooved tentacles are situated toward the base of the tentacles. Between the head and the foot, a lobed process called the

mentum The term mentum can refer to several anatomical structures near the mouth of an animal: *The median plate of an insect's labium. *The protruding part of the human chin. *A certain thin projection of the soft parts of the animal, below the mouth, i ...

(= thin projection) is visible. These molluscs are

hermaphrodite A hermaphrodite () is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes. Animal species in which individuals are either male or female are gonochoric, which is the opposite of hermaphroditic. The individuals of many ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q7854755 Pyramidellidae Taxa named by Heinrich Georg Bronn