Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of small to large marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s in the superfamily Trochoidea.Bouchet, P. (2014). Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=503 on 2014-07-28

Description

Turbinidae have a strong, thick

calcareous Calcareous () is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime (mineral), lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of Science, scientific disciplines. In zoology ''Calcare ...

operculum readily distinguishing them from the somewhat similar

Trochidae The Trochidae, common name top-snails or top-shells, are a family of various sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subclass Vetigastropoda. This family is commonly known as the top-snails because in many species the shell resembles ...

or top snails, which have a

corneous Corneous is a biological and medical term meaning horny, in other words made out of a substance similar to that of horns and hooves in some mammals. The word is generally used to describe natural or pathological anatomical structures made o ...

operculum. This strong operculum serves as a passive defensive structure against

predator Predation is a biological interaction in which one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common List of feeding behaviours, feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation ...

s that try to enter by way of the

aperture In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisting of a single lens) is the hole or opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image o ...

or that would break the shell at the outer

lip The lips are a horizontal pair of soft appendages attached to the jaws and are the most visible part of the mouth of many animals, including humans. Mammal lips are soft, movable and serve to facilitate the ingestion of food (e.g. sucklin ...

. These operculum are rounded ovals that are flat with a swirl design on one side and domed on the other. They are known as Pacific cat's eye or Shiva eye shells or mermaid money, and are used for decorative purposes.

Etymology

The

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often con ...

''turban snail'' presumably refers to the shell's similarity in appearance to a

turban A turban (from Persian language, Persian دولبند‌, ''dolband''; via Middle French ''turbant'') is a type of headwear based on cloth winding. Featuring many variations, it is worn as customary headwear by people of various cultures. Commun ...

. However, the scientific name Turbinidae is based on the genus name ''

Turbo In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (also known as a turbo or a turbosupercharger) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake air, forcing more air into the ...

'', which is

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

for ''

spinning top A spinning top, or simply a top, is a toy with a squat body and a sharp point at the bottom, designed to be rotation, spun on its vertical Axis of rotation, axis, balancing on the tip due to the gyroscopic effect. Once set in motion, a top will ...

'', a child's toy. The word ''

turbine A turbine ( or ) (from the Greek , ''tyrbē'', or Latin ''turbo'', meaning vortex) is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. The work produced can be used for generating electrical ...

'' has a similar derivation.

Taxonomy

Previously they were classified in the subclass

Prosobranchia Prosobranchia was a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Class (biology), subclass of sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. This taxon of gastropods dates back to the 1920s. It has however been proven to be polyphyly, polyphyletic (consis ...

, in the order

Archaeogastropoda Archaeogastropoda (also known as Aspidobranchia) was a taxonomic order of snails used in older classifications of gastropods, i.e. snails and slugs. Archeogastropoda are primarily marine prosobranch gastropod mollusks, mainly herbivores, typica ...

in the superfamily Trochacea. Trochaecea is now a synonym for the superfamily Trochoidea. However, this is a quite ancient group of gastropods, probably originating in the

Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years, from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya. It is the s ...

period 298 to 250 million years ago.Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, . They have typical primitive characters like the nacreous interior of the shell.

2005 taxonomy

Turbinidae belongs to superfamily

Turbinoidea Turbinoidea was a superfamily of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). But it is no longer used in the current taxonomy of gast ...

according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family consists of eight following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005): * Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941 *

Angariinae ''Angaria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Angariidae. ''Angaria'' is the only genus in the family Angariidae. Taxonomy According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, ''Angaria'' be ...

Gray, 1857 - synonym: Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868 * Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917 ** tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960 ** tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995 ** tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960 ** tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960 * Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 * † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997 * Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - synonym: "Prisogastrinae" in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) is a spelling error. * Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 * Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971

2008 taxonomy

Turbinidae was redefined and moved to the redefined superfamily Trochoidea according to Williams et al. (2008):Williams S. T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (September 2008) "Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined". ''

Zoologica Scripta ''Zoologica Scripta'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal on systematic zoology, published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It was established in 197 ...

'' 37(5): 483-506.

Angariidae ''Angaria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Angariidae. ''Angaria'' is the only genus in the family Angariidae. Taxonomy According to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet ...

was elevated to family level, Colloniinae was elevated to family

Colloniidae Colloniidae is a family of small sea snails with calcareous opercula, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major taxonomic group of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that form a very ancient linea ...

within Phasianelloidea, Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae. This family consists of five following subfamilies according to Williams et al. (2008): * Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941 * Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae) * Margaritinae Thiele, 1924 - tribes are sensu taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) - upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae ** tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.) ** tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990 ** tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993 * Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971: upgraded to the rank of family

Tegulidae Tegulidae is a family of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Bouchet, P. (2013). Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971. Acces ...

Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971 * Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 The following subfamilies (sensu Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) classification of subfamilies in Turbinidae) were kept in Turbinidae: * Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - '' Moelleria'' was not included in the molecular studies performed in 2010. * † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997

Distribution

Turbinids occur in shallow and deep waters. The family has a large distribution, from the tropics to the polar regions, but most of the species live in tropical and subtropical shallow waters.

Genera

Genera in the family Turbinidae include: ;Not belonging to any subfamily: * '' Phanerolepida'' Dall, 1907 * '' Tropidomarga'' Powell, 1951 ;Turbininae * ''

Astraea In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Astraea (; ), also spelled Astrea or Astria, is a daughter of Astraeus and Eos. She is the virgin goddess of justice, innocence, purity, and precision. She is closely associated with the Greek goddess of ...

'' Röding, 1798 * '' Astralium'' Link, 1807 * '' Bellastraea'' Iredale, 1924 * '' Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * '' Cookia'' Lesson, 1832 * '' Guildfordia'' Gray, 1850 * '' Lithopoma'' Gray, 1850 * '' Lunella'' Röding, 1798 * ''

Megastraea ''Megastraea'' is a genus of medium-sized to large sea snails with a calcareous operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P.; Rosenberg, G. (2011). Megastraea McLean, 1970. Accessed through: Worl ...

'' McLean, 1970Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1-82, pls 104-245. * '' Modelia'' Gray, 1850 * '' Pomaulax'' Gray, 1850 * ''

'' Linnaeus, 1758 - type genus * '' Uvanilla'' Gray, 1850 * '' Yaronia'' Mienis, 2011 ;Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 * '' Prisogaster'' Mörch, 1850Gofas, S. (2009). Prisogasterinae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382193 on 2010-04-19 ;Genera brought into synonymy: * ''Astrea'' Link, 1807: synonym of ''Astraea'' Röding, 1798 * ''Agathistoma'' Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of ''Tegula'' Lesson, 1832 * ''Amyxa'' Troschel, 1852: synonym of ''Prisogaster'' Mörch, 1850 * ''Calcar'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Canthorbis'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Astraea'' Röding, 1798 * ''Cardinalia'' Gray, 1842: synonym of ''Tectus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Crosseia'' P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of ''Crossea'' A. Adams, 1865 * ''Cyclocantha'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Dinassovica'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Turbo (Turbo)'' Linnaeus, 1758 represented as ''Turbo'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Distellifer'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Foliastralium'' Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Galeoastraea'' Habe, 1958: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Halopsephus'' Rehder, 1943: synonym of ''Turbo (Halopsephus)'' Rehder, 1943 represented as ''Turbo'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Harisazaea'' Habe, 1958: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Imperator'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Astraea'' Röding, 1798 * † ''Incilaster'' Finlay, 1926: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Livona'' Gray, 1842: synonym of ''Cittarium'' Philippi, 1847 * ''Lunatica'' Röding, 1798: synonym of ''Turbo'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Macropelmus'' Gistel, 1848: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Margarita'' Leach, 1819: synonym of ''Margarites'' Gray, 1847 * ''Micrastraea'' Cotton, 1939: synonym of ''Bellastraea'' Iredale, 1924 * ''Notosetia'' Iredale, 1915: synonym of ''Putilla'' A. Adams, 1867 * ''Okinawastraea'' Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * † ''Oobolma'' Sacco, 1896 : synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * † ''Ormastralium'' Sacco, 1896: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Pachypoma'' Gray, 1850: synonym of ''Lithopoma'' Gray, 1850 * ''Pagocalcar'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Pseudastralium'' Schepman, 1908: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Pyramidea'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Tectus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Pyramis'' Schumacher, 1817: synonym of ''Tectus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Rugastella'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Senobolma'' Okutani, 1964: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Stella'' P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807 * ''Submargarita'' Strebel, 1908: synonym of ''Lissotesta'' Iredale, 1915 * ''Tharsiella'' Bush, 1897: synonym of ''Cirsonella'' Angas, 1877 * ''Trochiscus'' G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of ''Norrisia'' Bayle, 1880 * † ''Tylastralium'' Sacco, 1896: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826 * ''Valvatella'' Gray, 1857: synonym of ''Margarites'' Gray, 1847

References

* Marshall, B.A. 1988. ''Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales''. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949–1004. * Vaught, K.C. (1989). ''A classification of the living Mollusca.'' American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp. * Williams S.T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (2008) ''Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined''. Zoologica Scripta 37: 483–506.

External links

Seashells of New South Wales : Turbinidae

Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642
{{Authority control Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque