Tunalı Hilmi
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Abdullah Hilmi Tunalı (28 August 187126 July 1928) was a
Turkish Turkish may refer to: * Something related to Turkey ** Turkish language *** Turkish alphabet ** Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group and nation *** Turkish citizen, a citizen of Turkey *** Turkish communities in the former Ottoman Empire * The w ...
politician, member of the
Chamber of Deputies The chamber of deputies is the lower house in many bicameral legislatures and the sole house in some unicameral legislatures. Description Historically, French Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of the French Parliament during the Bourb ...
, and later member of the
Grand National Assembly of Turkey The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( ), usually referred to simply as the GNAT or TBMM, also referred to as , in Turkish, is the Unicameralism, unicameral Turkey, Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by ...
during the
1st First most commonly refers to: * First, the ordinal form of the number 1 First or 1st may also refer to: Acronyms * Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters, an astronomical survey carried out by the Very Large Array * Far Infrared a ...
,
2nd A second is the base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI). Second, Seconds, The Second, or (The) 2nd may also refer to: Mathematics * 2 (number), as an ordinal (also written as ''2nd'' or ''2d'') * Minute and second of arc, ...
, and 3rd terms. He was a politician and statesman who was among the leading figures of the
Young Turks The Young Turks (, also ''Genç Türkler'') formed as a constitutionalist broad opposition-movement in the late Ottoman Empire against the absolutist régime of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (). The most powerful organization of the movement, ...
and
Pan-Turkism Pan-Turkism () or Turkism () is a political movement that emerged during the 1880s among Turkic intellectuals who lived in the Russian region of Kazan (Tatarstan), Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917), South Caucasus (modern-day Azerbaijan) and th ...
movements. He was a
reformist Reformism is a political tendency advocating the reform of an existing system or institution – often a political or religious establishment – as opposed to its abolition and replacement via revolution. Within the socialist movement, ref ...
who, during his parliamentary terms, proposed progressive bills and motions that were the source of future reforms by Atatürk. In addition to his advocacy of the use of pure
Turkish Turkish may refer to: * Something related to Turkey ** Turkish language *** Turkish alphabet ** Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group and nation *** Turkish citizen, a citizen of Turkey *** Turkish communities in the former Ottoman Empire * The w ...
, he advocated the rights of women,
peasant A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasan ...
s and workers.


Life

He was born in 1871 in Eski Cuma, today in
Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t ...
. His mother was Rukiye Hanım, from the Hacıabdullah family, and his father was İsmail Efendi, a
tobacco factory The Tobacco Factory is the last remaining part of the old W. D. & H. O. Wills tobacco factory site on Raleigh Road, Southville, Bristol. It was saved from demolition by the architect and former mayor of the city George Ferguson and through his ...
owner and reji tobacco expert, from the Kantacıoğulları family. He migrated to
Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
with his family due to the
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) The Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, Romania, Principality of Serbia, Serbia, and Principality of ...
.


His time in education

After completing his primary and secondary education in different parts of
Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...
due to the duty of his father, who was the "provincial certificate authority", he graduated from Fatih Military High School and enrolled in Kuleli Military Medical High School. In this period, when
secret societies A secret society is an organization about which the activities, events, inner functioning, or membership are concealed. The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence. The term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence a ...
against
Abdul Hamid II Abdulhamid II or Abdul Hamid II (; ; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. He oversaw a Decline and modernizati ...
's administration were intensified, he published the weekly newspaper "''Teşvik''" in handwriting and wrote articles against the administration. Although a journal gave him away, no evidence was found against him and no action was taken against him because he burned the newspapers. He continued his education at
Gülhane Training and Research Hospital Gülhane Training and Research Hospital () (GEAH), formerly known as Gülhane Military Medical Academy () (GATA), was founded by Abdülhamit II in 1898 in Istanbul as Gülhane Seririyat Hospital. It moved to Ankara in 1941. History Gülhane Aca ...
. In this school, he founded the ''Mektepliler Cemiyet-i Hafiyesi'', which later merged with the
Committee of Union and Progress The Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (CUP, also translated as the Society of Union and Progress; , French language, French: ''Union et Progrès'') was a revolutionary group, secret society, and political party, active between 1889 and 1926 ...
. At the time, he was arrested for sending money to Ahmet Verdani, who was in Paris; He was released from prison after being pardoned. Some members went into exile when the decision of exiling the leaders of the Union of Osmanli was taken in 1895, of which Hilmi was a member; Some of them did not comply with this decision and fled abroad. Tunalı Hilmi, who was in the last year of medicine, fled the country and settled in
Geneva Geneva ( , ; ) ; ; . is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland and the most populous in French-speaking Romandy. Situated in the southwest of the country, where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the ca ...
, Switzerland in 1895.


Life in Geneva

Tunalı Hilmi, whose medical education was left unfinished, continued his education in the pedagogy department of the
University of Geneva The University of Geneva (French: ''Université de Genève'') is a public university, public research university located in Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded in 1559 by French theologian John Calvin as a Theology, theological seminary. It rema ...
. During this period, the ''"İttihad-i Osmani Cemiyeti"'' in Istanbul and the Young Turks in Europe were united under the name
Committee of Union and Progress The Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (CUP, also translated as the Society of Union and Progress; , French language, French: ''Union et Progrès'') was a revolutionary group, secret society, and political party, active between 1889 and 1926 ...
. Tunalı Hilmi established the Geneva branch of the Society.
Mizancı Murat Mizancı Murat (1853–1912) was an Ottoman monarchist, democrat, historian and politician, who was renowned for his work on reviving the concept of Ottomanism during the Second Constitutional Era. Biography Mizancı Murat was born in Tbilisi in ...
, who was elected president at the extraordinary meeting of the Committee of Union and Progress in 1896, moved the center of the movement to Geneva in 1897. Tunalı Hilmi wrote regular articles for ''
Mizan Mizan () is a concept in the Quran The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is o ...
'' newspaper, published by Mizancı Murat, and ''
Meşveret ''Meşveret'' (Ottoman Turkish: , French: ''Mechvéret'') was a bimonthly magazine which existed between 1895 and 1898. Published in Paris the magazine was the first official organ of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and was subtitled as ...
'' magazine, published by Ahmed Rıza Bey, who directed the Paris branch; He published brochures called ''Khutbe'' explaining the aims and objectives of the Young Turks. He also founded the "Ottoman Student Association" to help Turkish students studying in Europe and published a guidebook called "Education in Europe". Ahmet Celalettin Pasha, appointed by the Sultan, travelled to Geneva in 1896 and called on the Young Turks to return to Istanbul and remained loyal to the Abdul Hamid II. Tunalı Hilmi, who accepted the Pasha's offer to buy the ''Khutbe'' booklets and newspapers, continued his work with the money he received and in 1896 he established the "Ottoman Revolution Party", a special branch within the Committee of Union and Progress. The work of the Ottoman Revolution Party, which was in favor of fighting against armed action, accelerated the formation of new organizations in Young Turk circles. When these organizations emerged as a result of a denunciation in 1897, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who exiled 78 Young Turks from Istanbul to
Tripoli Tripoli or Tripolis (from , meaning "three cities") may refer to: Places Greece *Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece * Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in the Pelasgiotis district, Thessaly, near Larissa ...
, sent Celalettin Pasha back to Geneva to meet with the Young Turks in Europe. This time, the President of the Association, In this newspaper, which he published together with İshak Sükûti and İshak Sükuti">İshak Sükûti and Abdullah Cevdet, Pan-Turkism">pan-Turkist Pan-Turkism () or Turkism () is a political movement that emerged during the 1880s among Turkic intellectuals who lived in the Russian region of Kazan (Tatarstan), South Caucasus (modern-day Azerbaijan) and the Ottoman Empire (modern-day Turkey) ...
, nationalist and republican ideas were included. Although Abdul Hamid II sent the Paris ambassador Münir Pasha">Republicanism">republican ideas were included. Although Abdul Hamid II sent the Paris ambassador Münir Pasha this time to discuss stopping the broadcasts against the administration, Hilmi Bey refused to meet.


Pressures on his family

To break the resistance of Hilmi Bey, his father, İsmail Efendi, was arrested and died in 1899 in Mosul, where he was exiled. One of his brothers, Faik Bey, was expelled from the military and also exiled. His other brother, Şükrü Bey, was exiled first to Baghdad and then to Basra, where he died in poverty. His older brother, Fehmi Bey, fled first to
Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t ...
and then to the US to escape the oppression; After working as a worker on the New York City-Chicago railway line for a while, he returned to Bulgaria.


Young Turk Congress initiative

Tunalı Hilmi, who grew even more resentful towards the
Ottoman state The Ottoman Empire developed over the years as a despotism with the Sultan as the supreme ruler of a centralized government that had an effective control of its provinces, officials and inhabitants. Wealth and rank could be inherited but were ...
due to how his family was being treated, went to
Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...
as an inspector of the Committee of Union and Progress in 1898 and organized the
Cairo Cairo ( ; , ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, being home to more than 10 million people. It is also part of the List of urban agglomerations in Africa, largest urban agglomeration in Africa, L ...
branch of the society, where he also published a newspaper called ''Hak''. He brought forward the idea of organizing a congress within the society and returned to Paris in 1900 for preparations; He started to republish the ''Khutbe'' booklets. The congress initiative was inconclusive as it was not accepted by the Young Turk dignitaries.


Life in Madrid

Most of the Young Turks had reconciled with the Ottoman state in 1899. In the face of this situation, Tunalı Hilmi Bey and his friends decided to make a contract deal with Abdul Hamid II to finance their movements. They agreed to take part in state duties in exchange for the suspension of the publication of the ''Ottoman Newspaper''. After İshak Sükûti was appointed as a doctor to the embassy of the state in
Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...
and Abdullah Cevdet in
Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
; Hilmi himself was appointed as the clerk of the
Madrid Madrid ( ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in Spain, most populous municipality of Spain. It has almost 3.5 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It i ...
ambassador (1900). During his service, he supported Ali Fahri (Agababa) Bey for the establishment of the "''Revengeful New Ottomans Society''" and the publication of a newspaper called "''İntikam''". He went to
Athens Athens ( ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica (region), Attica region and is the southe ...
and Geneva and tried to assassinate the people who caused the arrest of the members of the society and to have his sermons published in Geneva. When his activities were learned by the administration, he was dismissed from his post at the embassy. Together with Ali Fahri Bey, he organized the meeting of the First Young Turk Congress on 4 February 1902 in Paris. After the First Young Turk congress, when the Committee of Union and Progress was split into two, he no longer took an active role in the society.


Life in Egypt

In 1904 he went to Egypt and worked in Muhtelit (Karma) court, wrote for '' Kanun-ı Esasi'' magazine and ''Hak'' newspaper. He was busy writing new works.


Second Constitutional Monarchy and return to Istanbul

Hilmi Bey, after
Abdul Hamid II Abdulhamid II or Abdul Hamid II (; ; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. He oversaw a Decline and modernizati ...
was deposed, returned to his homeland; He met with his surviving brothers in Istanbul. His articles were published in various publications, especially ''İnkılâp''. Until 1916, he served as the district governor in
Karadeniz Ereğli Karadeniz Ereğli (or Ereğli) is a city in Zonguldak Province of Turkey on the Black Sea shore. It is the seat of Ereğli District.
,
Silivri Silivri, formerly Selymbria (Greek language, Greek: Σηλυμβρία), is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Istanbul Province, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 217,163 (2022). It lies along the Sea of Marmara, outsi ...
,
Bayburt Bayburt () is a city in northeast Turkey lying on the Çoruh River. It is the seat of Bayburt Province and Bayburt District.Ordu Ordu () or Altınordu is a port city on the Black Sea coast of Turkey and the capital of Ordu Province. The city forms the urban part of the Altınordu, Ordu, Altınordu district, with a population of 235,096 in 2023. Name Kotyora, the origina ...
,
Beykoz Beykoz () is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Istanbul Province, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 310 km2, and its population is 247,875 (2022). It lies at the northern end of the Bosphorus on the Anatolian side. The name i ...
and
Gemlik Gemlik is a municipality and district of Bursa Province, Turkey. Its area is 401 km2, and its population is 120,245 (2022). It is located in the east of the Gulf of Gemlik. It is approximately away from Bursa. In antiquity, Gemlik was the l ...
; then he was tasked with supervising and regulating the situation of those who immigrated and took refuge in the country in
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
. He continued this duty until 1919.


Member of Parliament in the Chamber of Deputies

In the elections held in 1919, he entered the Last Ottoman Parliament as the Member of Parliament for
Bolu Bolu is a city in northern Turkey, and administrative center of the Bolu Province and of Bolu District,Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
was occupied by the Allied Forces and the parliament became inoperable, he moved to
Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...
and joined
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish field marshal and revolutionary statesman who was the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President of Turkey, president from 1923 until Death an ...
in his
Turkish War of Independence , strength1 = May 1919: 35,000November 1920: 86,000Turkish General Staff, ''Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi'', Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225August 1922: 271,000Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: ''Kurtuluş Savaşı tarih ...
.


Member of Parliament in the Grand National Assembly

He joined the Turkish Grand National Assembly as a member of parliament from Bolu. He took part in the suppression of the Düzce Uprising and in the organization of the resistance against the French who wanted to occupy Karadeniz Ereğli. He was in the preparatory commission of the Turkish Constitution (1921). Hilmi Bey, who was a follower of the uprising, submitted many questions to give the social and legal rights of the workers, especially the Ereğli mine workers and to improve the working conditions, re-entered the parliament as Member of Parliament for Zonguldak in the 1923 and 1927 elections. Tunalı Hilmi stated that he wanted to see a female
Pasha Pasha (; ; ) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitary, dignitaries, and others. ''Pasha'' was also one of the highest titles in the 20th-century Kingdom of ...
and grant women the right to vote and be elected from the parliamentary rostrum in 1923, even though he received negative reactions from the parliament. Hilmi also drew attention to the clarification and importance of the
Turkish language Turkish ( , , also known as 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, a member of Oghuz languages, Oghuz branch with around 90 million speakers. It is the national language of Turkey and one of two official languag ...
many times both in the parliamentary chair and in his writings. Although most of the law proposals and proposals he brought were not accepted because they brought innovations far ahead of the period in which he lived, they were the source of Atatürk's reforms to be made later.


Personal life and death

Hilmi Bey married a Swiss woman named Juliette and had a daughter named Sevda (1902–1958) and a son named Insan were born from this marriage. Hilmi Bey, who fell ill with
tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is a contagious disease usually caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can al ...
in 1928 and was hospitalized in Istanbul Şişli Etfal Hospital, died in Istanbul on July 26, 1928, after a few months of inconclusive treatment. His body, which was buried in Maçka Cemetery in Istanbul, was later brought to Ankara and buried in
Cebeci Asri Cemetery The Cebeci Asri Cemetery () is a cemetery located in the Cebeci quarter of central Ankara, Turkey serving multiple religions. It was the first modern burial place in the capital city, and is the final resting place of many prominent figures. As o ...
.


Works

* ''Un projet d'organisation de la souverainete du peuple en Turqie'' (Türkiye'de halk hakimliği(düzen) Bir şart-Bir dilek, 1904) adıyla yayımladığı ayrıntılı anayasaya tasarısı. (Bu çalışması Fransızcasından çevrilerek Tarih ve Toplum dergisinde "''Tunalı Hilmi'nin Halk Hakimiyeti Risalesi ve Anayasa Tasarısı''" adı altında yayımlandı.(Mart 1984, sayı 3) ) * Evvel ve Ahir * Makedonya Mazisi * Hâl * İstikbal(1898) * Peşte'de Reşid Efendi (1899) * Rezalet yine İspanya'da (1900) * Kongre, Cevapları-Cevabımız(1901) * Kongre Nedir, Nasıl Olmalıdır?(1901) * Bir Dilek (1902) * Memiş Çavuş Büyük Millet Meclisinde (1923)


References

{{Authority control 20th-century people from the Ottoman Empire 1871 births 1928 deaths Republican People's Party (Turkey) politicians Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey) Committee of Union and Progress politicians Turkish jurists 20th-century Turkish writers Bulgarian Turks Young Turks Turkish diplomats Turks from the Ottoman Empire Burials at Cebeci Asri Cemetery People from Targovishte