''Tulipa suaveolens'',

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a ...

''Tulipa schrenkii'', the van Thol tulip or Schrenck's tulip, is a

bulb In botany, a bulb is a short underground stem with fleshy leaves or leaf basesBell, A.D. 1997. ''Plant form: an illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology''. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. that function as food storage organs duri ...

ous herbaceous

perennial In horticulture, the term perennial ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the year") is used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. It has thus been defined as a plant that lives more than 2 years. The term is also ...

of species of

tulip Tulips are spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes in the ''Tulipa'' genus. Their flowers are usually large, showy, and brightly coloured, generally red, orange, pink, yellow, or white. They often have a different colour ...

(''Tulipa'') in the family

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fai ...

. It belongs to section ''Tulipa''. It is the probable wild ancestor of the garden tulip (''

Tulipa gesneriana ''Tulipa gesneriana'', the Didier's tulip or garden tulip, is a species of plant in the Liliaceae, lily family, cultivated as an ornamental in many countries because of its large, showy flowers. This tall, late-blooming species has a single bloomi ...

'').

Description

The tunic of the bulb is dark brown. Stiff hairs grow on the inside, especially towards the tip. The three to four leaves are glaucous and undulate. They are normally 10, sometimes up to 20 cm long and 3–6 cm wide. The stem is 15–30 cm long and glabrous, sometimes slightly hairy. The flowers are bowl shaped and very varied in colour. They can be red, light-red, pink, mauve, yellow or white. There are also forms with red petals bordered in yellow or white

Systematics

The species was first described in 1794 by

Albrecht Wilhelm Roth Albrecht Wilhelm Roth (6 January 1757 – 16 October 1834) was a physician and botanist born in Dötlingen, Germany. He studied medicine at the Universities of University of Halle, Halle and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, where he received his ...

in the (ed. Usteri) 10, 44. as ''Tulipa suaveolens''. The Latin epithet ''suaveolens'' means 'sweet-smelling'. Different species were described from different sites, which later turned out to be all members of the species ''Tulipa schrenckii''. ''Tulipa schrenckii'' was described in 1873 by

Eduard August von Regel Eduard Model Accessories is a Czech manufacturer of plastic models and finescale model accessories. History Formed in 1989 in the city of Most, Eduard began in a rented cellar as a manufacturer of photoetched brass model components. Fol ...

in the Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaničeskago Sada. The epithet ''schrenkii'' honours the Baltic-German botanist Alexander Gustav von Schrenk.

Habitat

''Tulipa suaveolens'' inhabits the

Eurasian steppe The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or The Steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome. It stretches through Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Europea ...

: the southern and eastern Ukraine,

Crimea Crimea ( ) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukrain ...

, the European part of Russia, especially on the lower Don, around the

Sea of Azov The Sea of Azov is an inland Continental shelf#Shelf seas, shelf sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow (about ) Strait of Kerch, and sometimes regarded as a northern extension of the Black Sea. The sea is bounded by Ru ...

, and major part of

Ciscaucasia The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a subregion in Eastern Europe governed by Russia. It constitutes the northern part of the wider Caucasus region, which separates Europe and Asia. The North Caucasus is bordered by the Sea of Azov and the B ...

(in south until North-Ossetia,

Kabardino-Balkaria Kabardino-Balkaria (), officially the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 904,200. Its capital is Nalchik. The area contains the highest mountain in ...

and in the former Chechen-Ingush region, Terek, northern

Dagestan Dagestan ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea. It is located north of the Greater Caucasus, and is a part of the North Caucasian Fede ...

), in the south-east of

Voronezh Oblast Voronezh Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia, city of Voronezh. Its population was 2,308,792 as of the Russian Census (2021), 20 ...

, major part of

Volgograd Oblast Volgograd Oblast ( rus, Волгоградская область, p=vəɫɡɐˈgratskəjə ˈobɫəsʲtʲ) is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the Volga region, lower Volga region of Southern Russia ...

and

Saratov Oblast Saratov Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Volga Federal District. Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia, city of Saratov. As of the 2021 Russian cens ...

, southern

Samara Oblast Samara Oblast (, ) is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia, city of Samara. From 1935 to 1991, it was known as Kuybyshev Oblast. As of the Rus ...

Orenburg Oblast Orenburg Oblast (also Orenburzhye) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), mainly located in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg. From 1938 to 1957, it bore the name Chkalov Oblast in honor of Valery Chkal ...

, western and northern Kazakhstan, and the lowlands of western

Siberia Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states ...

, Central Asia and China. It also occurs locally in western Iran and Azerbaijan. The status of the

Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...

n populations is dubious, as they could be descended from plants previously cultivated in gardens and parks. Gerhard Pils only lists ''

Tulipa sylvestris ''Tulipa sylvestris'', the wild tulip or woodland tulip, is a Eurasian and North African species of wild tulip, a plant in the lily family. Its native range extends from Portugal and Morocco to western China, covering most of the Mediterranean ...

'', ''

Tulipa humilis ''Tulipa humilis'' is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae, found in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Turkey, Iran, and the North Caucasus region of Russia. The flowers are pink with yellow centers. Its preferred habitat are rocky ...

'', ''

Tulipa saxatilis ''Tulipa saxatilis'' ( syn. ''Tulipa bakeri'') is a Greek and Turkish species of plant in the genus ''Tulipa'' of the family Liliaceae. Description ''Tulipa saxatilis'' is a perennial herbaceous plant. The stems can reach a height of up to 2 ...

'' and ''

Tulipa armena ''Tulipa armena'' is a species of flowering plant in the Liliaceae family. It is referred to by the common name Armenian tulip, and is native to the historical Armenian Highlands as the name implies; current regions of Armenia, modern day Turkey, ...

'' as wild species. Christenhuit et al. assume "ca. seven" wild species, without listing them however. ''Tulipa schrenckii'' grows in meadows and lawns of the

; there it can flower thickly and as far as the eye can see, even sometimes in

semideserts A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of semi- ...

, up to 600 m ASL. In

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

and Kazakhstan this tulip is a protected species.

History

The wild ''Tulipa suaveolens'' is known in Turkey as

Kefe Feodosia (, ''Feodosiia, Teodosiia''; , ''Feodosiya''), also called in English Theodosia (from ), is a city on the Crimean coast of the Black Sea. Feodosia serves as the administrative center of Feodosia Municipality, one of the regions into w ...

Lale (also "Cafe-Lale" after the medieval name of Kaffa on the

). Sultan

Selim II Selim II (; ; 28 May 1524 – 15 December 1574), also known as Selim the Blond () or Selim the Drunkard (), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 until his death in 1574. He was a son of Suleiman the Magnificent and his wife Hurrem Sul ...

had 300.000 bulbs brought from Kefe for the gardens of the Topkapı-Sarajı in

Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...

. They are hybridized with other species present in the collections. These tulips hybrided were imported by Europeans starting from the 16th. century, particularly in Netherlands. They are at the origin of the garden tulip, ''Tulipa'' × ''gesneriana''. ''Tulipa suaveolens'' is very narrowly related to ''Tulipa gesneriana'', and sometimes classified in the same species. ''Tulipa suaveolens'' is also a progenitor of the low-growing Duc-tulips (also called ''Dukes'', ''Dux'' or ''Ducks''), which are attested in the Netherlands since the end of the 16th. century. They were named for Adrian Duyk from Oud-Karspel in the Netherlands. A painting by Jakob de Gheyn II., originating between 1600 and 1603 depicts shells, a caterpillar and a vase with love-in the mist, a snake's head fritillary, roses,

Aquilegia ''Aquilegia'', commonly known as columbines, is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae (buttercups). The genus includes between 80 and 400 taxa (described species and subspecies) with natural Species distribution, rang ...

, lilies-of the valley, pansies and a ''Tulipa schrenckii'' with pointed petals. A moth is sitting on the vase. Drawings by Jakob de Gheyn show this plant as wellFlorence Hopper Boom 1975/76, An Early Flower Piece by Jacques de Gheyn II. Simiolus, Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art 8/4, 198. Bulbs of ''Tulipa suaveolens'' were imported 1881 into the Netherlands, where they were hybridised with other domesticated tulips. Johannes Marius Cornelis Hoog thinks that it is one of the parent species of the horned tulip, ''Tulipa cornuta'', (often wrongly labelled as '' Tulipa acuminata'' in the bulb-tradeMaarten J. M. Christenhusz, Rafaël Govaerts, John C. David, Tony Hall, Katherine Borland, Penelope S. Roberts, Anne Tuomisto, Sven Buerki, Mark W. Chase, Michael F. Fay, Tiptoe through the tulips – cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of ''Tulipa'' (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 172, 2013, 312).

Gallery

Цветение тюльпанов.jpg, In a protected area bordering the

lake Manych-Gudilo Lake Manych-Gudilo () is a large salt lake, saltwater reservoir lake in Kalmykia, Russia. Part of the lake lies also in Rostov Oblast and Stavropol Krai. It has an area of about 344 km2 and average depth of only about 0.6 m. Lake Manyc ...

Kalmykia Kalmykia, officially the Republic of Kalmykia,; , ''Khalmg Tanghch'' is a republic of Russia, located in the Volga region of European Russia. The republic is part of the Southern Federal District, and borders Dagestan to the south and Stavr ...

, Russia. У Кояшского озера весной.jpg, In the

steppe In physical geography, a steppe () is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes. Steppe biomes may include: * the montane grasslands and shrublands biome * the tropical and subtropica ...

Kerch Peninsula The Kerch Peninsula is a major and prominent geographic peninsula located at the eastern end of the Crimean Peninsula. This peninsula stretches eastward toward the Taman Peninsula between the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. Most of the peninsula i ...

. Tulipa-suaveolens-Ukraine.png, In a protected area of the

Luhansk Oblast Luhansk Oblast (; ), also referred to as Luhanshchyna (), is the easternmost Administrative divisions of Ukraine, oblast (province) of Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Luhansk. The oblast was established in 1938 and bore the n ...

, Ukraine. Фестиваль Тюльпанов.jpg, A resting

Bactrian camel The Bactrian camel (''Camelus bactrianus''), also known as the Mongolian camel, domestic Bactrian camel or two-humped camel, is a camel native to the steppes of Central Asia. It has two humps on its back, in contrast to the single-humped drome ...

in spring in Kalmykian steppe, Russia. Краснокнижные тюльпаны, ирисы.jpg, In

, '' Iris pumila'' flowered at the same time as the tulips.

Rostov Oblast Rostov Oblast ( rus, Росто́вская о́бласть, r=Rostovskaya oblastʹ, p=rɐˈstofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ) is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Southern Federal District. The oblast ...

, Russia Тюльпаны Шренка на Кояшском озере 4.jpg, A red specimen in Crimea Тюльпан, вариации окрасок.jpg, A pink and mauve specimen in Russia (lake Manych-Gudilo), common. Tulip and spider in Manych-Gudilo protected area.jpg, White specimen (lake Manych-Gudilo). Tulip in Manych-Gudilo protected area.jpg, Yellow and red specimen (lake Manych-Gudilo), common. Тюльпаны Шренка на Кояшском озере 1.jpg, A wild white and pink specimen in Crimea. Yellow tulip in Manych-Gudilo protected area.jpg, Yellow specimen (lake Manych-Gudilo). Тюльпаны Геснера и Биберштейна.jpg, An entirely red stand of ''Tulipa suaveolens'', accompanied by yellow ''

'', Rostov Oblast. Тюльпаны Шренка на Кояшском озере 2.jpg, Yellow and white stand of ''Tulipa suaveolens'', Crimea.

References

M. J. M. Christenhusz, R. Govaerts, J. C. David, T. Hall, K. Borland, P. S. Roberts, A. Tuomisto, S. Buerki, M. W. Chase, M. F. Fay: ''Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of ''Tulipa'' (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 172, 2013, 280–328

' Ahmad Ghahreman, Farideh Attar, Farrokh Ghahremanineja: A New Species of ''Tulipa'' (Liliaceae) from Western Iran. ''Novon'' 17/4, 2007, 438. Anna Pavord 1999. ''The tulip.'' London, Bloomsbury, 25, 41, 138. Jānis Rukšāns 2007. ''Buried Treasures. Finding and growing the world's choicest bulbs.'' Portland, Timber Press, 125 ''Tulipa schrenkii'', Regel 1873.
/ref>

External links

Illustrations
{{Taxonbar, from1=Q2425417, from2=Q50871876 Tulipa, suaveolens Plants described in 1794 Flora of Ukraine Flora of Russia Flora of Turkey Flora of Iran Flora of Azerbaijan Flora of the North Caucasus Flora of Kazakhstan Flora of China