Tsuyama Massacre
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The was a revenge
mass murder Mass murder is the violent crime of murder, killing a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity. A mass murder typically occurs in a single location where one or more ...
that occurred on the night of 21 May 1938 in the rural village of Kamo close to
Tsuyama is a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. In February 2023, the city had an estimated population of 97,507 in 45,653 households and a population density of 190 persons per km2. The total area of the city is . Geography Tsuyama is located in nort ...
in
Okayama is the prefectural capital, capital Cities of Japan, city of Okayama Prefecture in the Chūgoku region of Japan. The Okayama metropolitan area, centered around the city, has the largest urban employment zone in the Chugoku region of western J ...
,
Empire of Japan The Empire of Japan, also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was the Japanese nation state that existed from the Meiji Restoration on January 3, 1868, until the Constitution of Japan took effect on May 3, 1947. From Japan–Kor ...
. , a 21-year-old man, killed 30 people, including his grandmother, with a Browning
shotgun A shotgun (also known as a scattergun, peppergun, or historically as a fowling piece) is a long gun, long-barreled firearm designed to shoot a straight-walled cartridge (firearms), cartridge known as a shotshell, which discharges numerous small ...
,
katana A is a Japanese sword characterized by a curved, single-edged blade with a circular or squared guard and long grip to accommodate two hands. Developed later than the ''tachi'', it was used by samurai in feudal Japan and worn with the edge fa ...
, and
axe An axe (; sometimes spelled ax in American English; American and British English spelling differences#Miscellaneous spelling differences, see spelling differences) is an implement that has been used for thousands of years to shape, split, a ...
, and seriously injured three others before killing himself with the shotgun. It is the deadliest shooting by a lone gunman in Japanese history.


Massacre

Mutsuo Toi cut the electricity line to the village of Kamo on the evening of 20 May, which left the community in darkness. At around 1:30 a.m. on 21 May, he killed his 76-year-old grandmother by decapitating her with an axe in her sleep. Armed with a modified shotgun, a katana, an axe, several daggers and 200 rounds of ammunition, he strapped two
flashlight A flashlight (US English) or electric torch (Commonwealth English), usually shortened to torch, is a portable hand-held electric lamp. Formerly, the light source typically was a miniature incandescent light bulb, but these have been displaced ...
s to his head and prowled through the village like a youth engaged in "night-crawling" or , entering the homes of his neighbors. He killed 29 neighbors, 27 of whom died at the scene of the incident, while two others were fatally wounded, dying of their injuries later, and seriously injured three others, in about an hour and a half. This was almost half of the residents of the small community. At dawn, he committed suicide by shooting himself in the chest on a nearby mountain.


Perpetrator

was born in
Okayama Prefecture is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Okayama Prefecture has a population of 1,826,059 (1 February 2025) and has a geographic area of 7,114 Square kilometre, km2 (2,746 sq mi). Okayama Prefecture ...
to well-off parents. His parents died of
tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is a contagious disease usually caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can al ...
when he was a baby, so he and his sister were brought up by their grandmother. He was originally outgoing, but at the age of 17 he became socially withdrawn after his sister married in 1934. He was interested in the story of
Sada Abe was a Empire of Japan, Japanese geisha and Prostitution in Japan, prostitute who murdered her lover, , via strangulation on May 18, 1936, before cutting off his Human penis, penis and testicles and carrying them around with her in her kimono. T ...
, the prostitute who, in May 1936, strangled her lover then severed his genitals. He had started writing a novel, . He took part in or "night-crawling", a rural custom which involved creeping into young women's bedrooms during the night to seek sexual intercourse. His suicide notes indicate that after May 1937 he was diagnosed with
tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is a contagious disease usually caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can al ...
, and the young women in the village rejected his sexual advances.


Location

The massacre was carried out in the small village of Kamocho Kurami, now part of the city of
Tsuyama is a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. In February 2023, the city had an estimated population of 97,507 in 45,653 households and a population density of 190 persons per km2. The total area of the city is . Geography Tsuyama is located in nort ...
. The village has since been merged with different towns and cities over the years due to depopulation. The village's population at the time of the massacre was 23 households and 111 people. After the massacre, some families moved away. Most of the residents in the village state that no one has moved to Kurami since the massacre. In 2015, the house that Mutsuo Toi lived in was demolished, after sitting abandoned for years.


Suicide notes

Toi left several long notes which revealed that he was concerned about the social impact of his tuberculosis, which in the 1930s was an incurable fatal illness. He felt that his female neighbors became cold towards him once they knew of his illness, and that he was despised as
hypersexual Hypersexuality is a proposed medical condition said to cause unwanted or excessive sexual arousal, causing people to engage in or think about sexual activity to a point of distress or impairment., according to the website of ''Psychology Toda ...
. He stated in the notes that neighbors insulted and treated him badly after he was found to have tuberculosis. For revenge, he decided to enter their homes and kill them. He waited for the time when the women returned to their houses. The authorities were concerned, and his
gun license A firearms license (also known as a gun license; or licence in British English) is a license or permit issued by a government authority (typically by the police) of a jurisdiction, that allows the licensee to buy, own, possess, or carry a f ...
was revoked. He prepared swords and guns secretly. He regretted that he would not be able to shoot some people he wanted to, as that would have involved killing people he regarded as innocent. He wrote that he killed his grandmother because he could not bear leaving her alive to face the shame and social stigma that would be associated with being a "murderer's grandmother".


Films

The 1983 Japanese film, (''Village of Doom''), was based on the massacre. It stars
Masato Furuoya was a Japanese actor. He won the award for best actor at the 2nd Yokohama Film Festival and at the 5th Hochi Film Award for ''Disciples of Hippocrates'' and at the 12th Yokohama Film Festival for '' Uchū no hōsoku''. He committed suicide on M ...
as Tsugio Inumaru, an emotionally distraught young man who goes on a violent killing spree after his tuberculosis keeps him from serving in
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. Furuoya committed
suicide by hanging Suicide by hanging is the intentional killing of oneself (suicide) via suspension from an anchor-point such as an overhead beam or hook, by a rope or cord or by jumping from a height with a noose around the neck. Hanging is often considered to ...
on 25 March 2003, twenty years after the film's release. * Fukushûki, 1969 (''Vengeance Demon'') (''復讐鬼'') * The 8-Tomb Village, 1951 * The 8-Tomb Village, 1977 * The 8-Tomb Village, 1996


See also

* 2009 Collier Township shooting *
2014 Isla Vista shooting Two misogynistic terror, misogynistic terrorist attacks occurred in Isla Vista, California, United States on the evening of May 23, 2014. 22-year-old Elliot Rodger killed six people and injured fourteen others by gunshot, stabbing and vehicle ...
*
2015 Umpqua Community College shooting A shooting occurred on October 1, 2015, at the Umpqua Community College campus near Roseburg, Oregon, United States. Chris Harper-Mercer, a 26-year-old student who was enrolled at the school, fatally shot an assistant professor and eight studen ...
*
2018 Tallahassee shooting On November 2, 2018, a mass shooting occurred at Tallahassee Hot Yoga, a yoga studio located in Tallahassee, Florida, United States. The gunman, identified as Scott Paul Beierle, shot six women, two of them fatally, and pistol-whipped a man befo ...
*
2018 Toronto van attack A vehicle-ramming attack occurred on April 23, 2018, when a rented van was driven along Yonge Street through the North York City Centre business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The driver, 25-year-old Alek Minassian, targeted pedestria ...
*
List of massacres in Japan The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Japan and its predecessor entities ranging back to the Tokugawa shogunate (Some historical numbers may be approximate). The massacres are grouped into different time periods. Massacres ha ...
*
List of rampage killers This is a list of mass or spree killers. A mass murderer is typically defined as someone who kills two or more people in one incident, with no "cooling off" period, not including themselves. A mass murder typically occurs in a single location wh ...


References


Notes


Bibliography

* * {{Cite book, script-title=ja:津山三十人殺し―日本犯罪史上空前の惨劇, trans-title=The Thirty Murders of Tsuyama - An unprecedented tragedy in the history of Japanese crime, language=ja, last=Tsukuba, first=Akira, location=Tokyo, publisher=Shinchōsha, date=2005, isbn=978-4-10-121841-0 1938 murders in Japan Axe murder Mass stabbings in Japan 1938 mass shootings in Asia Sword attacks in Japan Massacres in 1938 Massacres in Japan May 1938 in Asia Murder–suicides in Japan Spree shootings in Japan Suicides by firearm in Japan Mass shootings involving shotguns Tsuyama History of Okayama Prefecture 1938 suicides Massacres of women Violence against women in Japan 20th-century mass murder in Japan