Tsjalling Halbertsma
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Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma (; ; 21 January 1792 – 12 December 1852)Breuker 1993, p. 591.Breuker 2016, p. 1128. was a Dutch Frisian writer, poet and
merchant A merchant is a person who trades in goods produced by other people, especially one who trades with foreign countries. Merchants have been known for as long as humans have engaged in trade and commerce. Merchants and merchant networks operated i ...
,Jensma, p. 197. and the least well-known of the three
Brothers Halbertsma The Brothers Halbertsma, members of the Halbertsma family, were three brothers born in the Frisian village of Grou towards the end of the 18th century, who played a role of crucial importance for the development of a written literature in the ...
.Breuker 1993, p. 587. During his life he won a certain amount of fame in and around Grou, for the poems and short stories he wrote, and also because of his success as a businessman. After his death some of his literary works were collected with those of his brothers
Justus Justus (died on 10 November between 627 and 631) was the fourth archbishop of Canterbury. Pope Gregory the Great sent Justus from Italy to England on a mission to Christianise the Anglo-Saxons from their native paganism; he probably a ...
and EeltsjeWiersma, p. 9. to be published in 1871 as the famous ''
Rimen en Teltsjes ' ('Rhymes and Tales', ) is the national book of Western Frisian literature, written by the three Brothers Halbertsma. It is an extensive collection of short stories and poems, the first of which was published in 1822 under the title of '. deve ...
''.Breuker 1993, pp. 603–606. It was only from 1918 onwards that more of Tsjalling Halbertsma's works were added to this collection.Breuker 1993, p. 609.


Life


Youth and background

Tsjalling Hiddes
Halbertsma Halbertsma is a Frisian patrician family that originates from Dokkum's surrounding area. Family members traditionally occupy positions in the legal field, academia, medicine, business, and public administration. The family is mostly know ...
was born on 21 January 1792 in his parents' house on Kowemerk ("Cow Market") streetWiersma, p. 7. in the village of
Grou Grou () is a town in the province Friesland of the Netherlands and had around 5655 citizens in January 2017. Since 2014 Grou is part of the municipality of Leeuwarden. The town is located on the lake and the Prinses Margriet Canal. Heineken op ...
, in the central part of the Dutch province of
Friesland Friesland ( ; ; official ), historically and traditionally known as Frisia (), named after the Frisians, is a Provinces of the Netherlands, province of the Netherlands located in the country's northern part. It is situated west of Groningen (p ...
.Breuker 1993, p. 592. He was the son of the baker and small-time
merchant A merchant is a person who trades in goods produced by other people, especially one who trades with foreign countries. Merchants have been known for as long as humans have engaged in trade and commerce. Merchants and merchant networks operated i ...
Oppewal and Boorsma, p. 16. Hidde Joasts Halbertsma (1756–1809)Terpstra, p. 317. and his wife Ruerdtsje (or Riurtk) Tsjallings Binnerts (1767–1809). He had one elder brother,
Justus Justus (died on 10 November between 627 and 631) was the fourth archbishop of Canterbury. Pope Gregory the Great sent Justus from Italy to England on a mission to Christianise the Anglo-Saxons from their native paganism; he probably a ...
(1789–1869),Breuker 1993, p. 588.Terpstra, p. 316. and two younger brothers, Binnert (1795–1847), and Eeltsje (1797–1858). Two children who were born later died in early childhood, the little boy in 1803, and the little girl in 1805. The brothers were very close, possibly as a consequence of the fact that both their parents died at a relatively young age in 1809, when Tsjalling was only seventeen years of age.Wiersma, pp. 8–9. Justus, Tsjalling and Eeltsje, who, as authors, became known as the
Brothers Halbertsma The Brothers Halbertsma, members of the Halbertsma family, were three brothers born in the Frisian village of Grou towards the end of the 18th century, who played a role of crucial importance for the development of a written literature in the ...
later in life, were much like their father, while Binnert more resembled their mother. This mother, Ruerdtsje Binnerts, was a scion of a prominent family in Grou. Her people were
Mennonites Mennonites are a group of Anabaptism, Anabaptist Christianity, Christian communities tracing their roots to the epoch of the Radical Reformation. The name ''Mennonites'' is derived from the cleric Menno Simons (1496–1561) of Friesland, part of ...
, and although her husband had been raised a
Calvinist Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. In the modern day, it is largely represented by the Continental Reformed Protestantism, Continenta ...
, he converted after marrying her. From the letters of Tsjalling's brother Justus, Ruerdtsje emerges as a smart businesswoman, a loving mother, and a deeply religious person.Wiersma, p. 8. About Hidde Halbertsma, the father, much less is known. It is thought that he might have been a
mariner A sailor, seaman, mariner, or seafarer is a person who works aboard a watercraft as part of its crew, and may work in any one of a number of different fields that are related to the operation and maintenance of a ship. While the term ''sailor' ...
before his marriage. He is described as a gentle soul, who was, however, apt to take offence, and could be quite sharp-tongued in such cases.


Nature

Tsjalling Halbertsma was, according to his brother Justus, an imitator of great skill, a trait he had inherited from their father. Justus also wrote about him, "There was no greater lover of silliness and jokes in all of Friesland than my brother Tsjalling; but, mark this, always in the wasted hours. When it was time for business, all of the joking stopped, and then activity, policy, hard work and calculations were the order of the day from early in the morning to late in the evening." One of his biographers (J. P. Wiersma) described Tsjalling Halbertsma as "a talented, conspicuous person, full of drollery, not without vanity, but original in thought and word, distinctive in all his doings, a trendsetter." A different biographer ( G. A. Wumkes) wrote about him: "Here the pen is wielded by a man of high character."


Trade

When Hidde Halbertsma died, in January 1809, and was followed in death by his wife Ruerdtsje Binnerts in December of that same year, the Brothers Halbertsma became
orphan An orphan is a child whose parents have died, are unknown, or have permanently abandoned them. It can also refer to a child who has lost only one parent, as the Hebrew language, Hebrew translation, for example, is "fatherless". In some languages ...
s at a young age. Justus, the eldest brother, was in
Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , ; ; ) is the capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, largest city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It has a population of 933,680 in June 2024 within the city proper, 1,457,018 in the City Re ...
at that time, studying to become a minister, while Eeltsje, the youngest, was
boarding Boarding may refer to: *Boarding, used in the sense of "room and board", i.e. lodging and meals as in a: **Boarding house **Boarding school *Boarding (horses) (also known as a livery yard, livery stable, or boarding stable), is a stable where hor ...
in the provincial capital of
Leeuwarden Leeuwarden (; ; ; ) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and Municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in Friesland, Netherlands, with a population of 127,073 (2023). It is the provincial capital and seat of the Provin ...
, where he attended the
Latin school The Latin school was the grammar school of 14th- to 19th-century Europe, though the latter term was much more common in England. Other terms used include Lateinschule in Germany, or later Gymnasium. Latin schools were also established in Colon ...
. In consequence, it fell to Tsjalling to keep their father's bakery running with the help of their father's baker's mates, until the third brother, Binnert, was old enough to take over the business. After that, Tsjalling Halbertsma started to work for one of his uncles in Grou, who was a
merchant A merchant is a person who trades in goods produced by other people, especially one who trades with foreign countries. Merchants have been known for as long as humans have engaged in trade and commerce. Merchants and merchant networks operated i ...
trading in butter and cheese. At that time farmer's wives churned and made cheese at the
farmstead A farmstead refers to the buildings and service areas associated with a farm. It consists of a house belonging to a farm along with the surrounding buildings. The characteristics of a specific farmstead reflect the local landscape, which provides ...
, selling their products to merchants who traded it away, not seldom to foreign markets. In time, Halbertsma took over his uncle's company, which he expanded steadily over the course of many years.Terpstra, p. 320. At first he worked on commission for the Amsterdam trading house of Pijnakker, but later on, he went into business for himself, buying up
dairy product Dairy products or milk products are food products made from (or containing) milk. The most common dairy animals are cow, water buffalo, goat, nanny goat, and Sheep, ewe. Dairy products include common grocery store food around the world such as y ...
s in Friesland and selling them with considerable profit in London. Halbertsma became a wealthy man, who, with his brother Binnert (who had sold the bakery and had become a wood merchant) and only ten others, such as Freerk Dirks Fontein of Harlingen, Michiel Hylkes Tromp of
Woudsend Woudsend () is a village in Súdwest-Fryslân in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 1,380 in January 2017. There are two windmills in the village, 't Lam and De Jager. History The village was first mention ...
, Hans Klazes Wouda of
Sneek Sneek (; ) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city southwest of Leeuwarden and the seat of the former municipality of Sneek in the province of Friesland, Netherlands. As of 2011 it is the seat of the municipality of Súdw ...
and Dirk Piers Zeper of
Leeuwarden Leeuwarden (; ; ; ) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and Municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in Friesland, Netherlands, with a population of 127,073 (2023). It is the provincial capital and seat of the Provin ...
, was a member of the new Frisian
Chamber of Commerce A chamber of commerce, or board of trade, is a form of business network. For example, a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to a ...
. Furthermore, from 1850 to his death, he had a seat in the provincial assembly of Friesland. In 1837, Halbertsma had himself a large new house built in Grou, something his brothers were rather boastful of in their letters. He also dressed himself according to the latest fashion, leading to Eeltsje complaining, in 1841, that his brother had become a
dandy A dandy is a man who places particular importance upon physical appearance and personal grooming, refined language and leisurely hobbies. A dandy could be a self-made man both in person and ''persona'', who emulated the aristocratic style of l ...
. But in the end Halbertsma miscalculated badly: when the shares in other businesses he had invested in dropped sharply in value in 1848, he panicked, sold out, and put all his money in
rye Rye (''Secale cereale'') is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop. It is grown principally in an area from Eastern and Northern Europe into Russia. It is much more tolerant of cold weather and poor soil than o ...
. When subsequently the rye market also collapsed, he suffered heavy losses amounting to about half of his fortune. This was a severe blow, especially to his
ego Ego or EGO may refer to: Social sciences * Ego (Freudian), one of the three constructs in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche * Egoism, an ethical theory that treats self-interest as the foundation of morality * Egotism, the drive to ...
, which he never truly recovered from.


Family

In 1813, Halbertsma married Tetsje Sjollema (1793–1836). She was from Grou, and he had known her for all of his life. A year after she died, he remarried, to Reinskje van der Goot (1807–1862), who was also from Grou. When this second marriage was contracted, he ordered fifty flags to be hung out in the village, and he gave away a fat cow to the
poor Poverty is a state or condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources and essentials for a basic standard of living. Poverty can have diverse
. One of Halbertsma's sons from his first marriage, Johannes Tsjallings Halbertsma (1827–1884), took over the dairy trade after his father's death, and moved it to the city of
Sneek Sneek (; ) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city southwest of Leeuwarden and the seat of the former municipality of Sneek in the province of Friesland, Netherlands. As of 2011 it is the seat of the municipality of Súdw ...
.Schroor, p. 1125. There Halbertsma's grandsons Hylke (1857–1932) and Herrius (1864–1920) established the dairy ''Normandia'' in 1888.


Authorship

Tsjalling Halbertsma began his career as a writer in 1817, on occasion of his brother Binnert's wedding. Afterwards, he wrote fairly regularly until 1835, with a clear peak around 1830, later followed by incidental writings until 1841. The last eleven years of his live he did not produce any new works. He ofted used the pseudonyms 'Master Jouke' and T.T., which was an
abbreviation An abbreviation () is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening (linguistics), shortening, contraction (grammar), contraction, initialism (which includes acronym), or crasis. An abbreviation may be a shortened for ...
of 'Tsjalling Tsysker' ("Tsjalling Cheese-maker").Dykstra en Oldenhof, p. 42. Halbertsma's literary works were always overshadowed to a large degree by those of his brothers Justus and Eeltsje; they consist of
folk literature Oral literature, orature, or folk literature is a genre of literature that is spoken or sung in contrast to that which is written, though much oral literature has been transcribed. There is no standard definition, as anthropologists have used va ...
, often with a
satirical Satire is a genre of the visual arts, visual, literature, literary, and performing arts, usually in the form of fiction and less frequently Nonfiction, non-fiction, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ...
or playful motif, which, however, was very popular with the common man. His ''Sets en Tsjerk yn Snitser Merk'' ("Sets and Tsjerk at the Fair yn
Sneek Sneek (; ) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city southwest of Leeuwarden and the seat of the former municipality of Sneek in the province of Friesland, Netherlands. As of 2011 it is the seat of the municipality of Súdw ...
") was almost a match for the more famous poem ''De Boalserter Merk'' ("The
Bolsward Bolsward (, West Frisian: ''Boalsert'') is a city in Súdwest-Fryslân in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. Bolsward has a population of just under 10,200. It is located 10 km W.N.W. of Sneek. History The town is founded on th ...
Fair"), by his brother Eeltsje. Tsjalling Halbertsma's oeuvre was fairly limited, and consisted for a large part of rhymes written for the occasion of
Shrove Tuesday Shrove Tuesday (also known as Pancake Tuesday or Pancake Day) is the final day of Shrovetide, which marks the end of the pre-Lenten season. Lent begins the following day with Ash Wednesday. Shrove Tuesday is observed in many Christian state, Ch ...
and New Year's weigh-house notes, accompanying texts for prints, and
fortune-telling Fortune telling is the spiritual practice of predicting information about a person's life. Melton, J. Gordon. (2008). ''The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena''. Visible Ink Press. pp. 115–116. The scope of fortune telling is in principle ...
notes,Terpstra, p. 321. partly in West Frisian, but to a considerable degree, especially in the early years, in
Dutch Dutch or Nederlands commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands ** Dutch people as an ethnic group () ** Dutch nationality law, history and regulations of Dutch citizenship () ** Dutch language () * In specific terms, i ...
. Furthermore, it is known that, even before his brothers Justus and Eeltsje published their ''De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar'' in 1822, Tsjalling Halbertsma also wrote small tales and poems for a society in Grou. It is unclear what sort of society this was, but it seems very likely it was a remnant of a so-called 'people's society' from the
French period In Northern European historiography, the term French period (, , ) refers to the period between 1794 and 1815 during which most of Northern Europe was controlled by Republican or Napoleonic France.Eduard Rothert''Rheinland-Westfalen im Wechsel d ...
, such as were established all over Friesland from 1795 on. Halbertsma published a number of his works in
almanac An almanac (also spelled almanack and almanach) is a regularly published listing of a set of current information about one or multiple subjects. It includes information like weather forecasting, weather forecasts, farmers' sowing, planting dates ...
s, although this was limited, insofar as it can still be determined, to the period from 1829 to 1833. The first of his works he had printed in an almanac must have been ''Sets en Tsjerk yn Snitser Merk'', which appeared in ''Suringar's Almanak'' for the year 1829. Gerard Tjaard Nicolaas Suringar himself would assert years later that ''De Bêste Freed yn Ljou'ter Merke'' ("The Best Friday of the Fair in
Leeuwarden Leeuwarden (; ; ; ) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and Municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in Friesland, Netherlands, with a population of 127,073 (2023). It is the provincial capital and seat of the Provin ...
") was the first piece by Halbertsma which he had published, but he must have been mistaken, as it can be clearly shown from Justus Hiddes Halbertsma's letters that ''De Bêste Freed'' appeared in ''Suringar's Almanak'' of 1830. Completely apart from the rest of Halbertsma's works is ''De Roeker'' (modern
spelling Spelling is a set of conventions for written language regarding how graphemes should correspond to the sounds of spoken language. Spelling is one of the elements of orthography, and highly standardized spelling is a prescriptive element. Spelli ...
: ''De Rûker''; "The Bouquet") a magazine which was edited by himself, and which included
articles Article often refers to: * Article (grammar), a grammatical element used to indicate definiteness or indefiniteness * Article (publishing), a piece of nonfictional prose that is an independent part of a publication Article(s) may also refer to: ...
concerning
topical A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body. Most often topical medication means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of classes ...
subjects, but also some of his own tales and poems. Of this publication only a few volumes were published in 1832 and 1833.


Death

Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma died on 12 December 1852 in his birthplace of
Grou Grou () is a town in the province Friesland of the Netherlands and had around 5655 citizens in January 2017. Since 2014 Grou is part of the municipality of Leeuwarden. The town is located on the lake and the Prinses Margriet Canal. Heineken op ...
, when he was almost 61 years old. When he was still alive, he had been the steadfast centre of the Halbertsmas of Grou, where his brothers Binnert and Eeltsje especially were often visiting and always welcome. According to his brother Justus, the family became "a scattered herd" after his death,Wiersma, p. 12. and Eeltsje wrote to Justus: "I feel like a soldier who has seen his best comrade sink down next to him on the field of battle."


Legacy

After the death of all three
Brothers Halbertsma The Brothers Halbertsma, members of the Halbertsma family, were three brothers born in the Frisian village of Grou towards the end of the 18th century, who played a role of crucial importance for the development of a written literature in the ...
, their short fiction and poetry was gathered under the supervision of librarian and archivist Gerben Colmjon and bookseller and historian Wopke Eekhoff.Wiersma, p. 5. In 1871, it was published by the firm of J. de Lange in
Deventer Deventer (; Sallaans dialect, Sallands: ) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and Municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the Salland historical region of the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of Overijssel, ...
, under the title of ''
Rimen en Teltsjes ' ('Rhymes and Tales', ) is the national book of Western Frisian literature, written by the three Brothers Halbertsma. It is an extensive collection of short stories and poems, the first of which was published in 1822 under the title of '. deve ...
'' ("Rhymes and Tales").Dykstra and Oldenhof, p. 37. Apart from a few of his poems and his part in ''De Skearwinkel fan Joutebaas'' ("Boss Joute's Barbershop"), Tsjalling Halbertsma works, however, remained outside of that collection. It was not until the fourth
reprint A reprint is a re-publication of material that has already been previously published. The term ''reprint'' is used with slightly different meanings in several fields. Academic publishing In academic publishing, offprints, sometimes also known ...
of ''Rimen en Teltsjes'', which was published in 1918 by publisher and bookshop owner Rinse van der Velde from
Leeuwarden Leeuwarden (; ; ; ) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and Municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in Friesland, Netherlands, with a population of 127,073 (2023). It is the provincial capital and seat of the Provin ...
, that the composition of the work was thoroughly adjusted. At that time Tsjalling's contribution took a more visible form through the absorption of ''De Wiersizzerij fan Maaike Jakkeles'' ("The Fortune-telling of Maaike Jakkeles") and a number of shorter texts and poems. Today, ''Rimen en Teltsjes'' is seen as the national book of Western Frisian literature, and although the
literary Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, plays, and poems. It includes both print and digital writing. In recent centuries, ...
value of this collection was later disputed by some
critics A critic is a person who communicates an assessment and an opinion of various forms of creative works such as art, literature, music, cinema, theater, fashion, architecture, and food. Critics may also take as their subject social or governme ...
, it is undeniable that ''Rimen en Teltsjes'' and its predecessor ''De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar'' played a role of crucial importance in the development of a new literary tradition after Western Frisian had been used almost exclusively as a spoken language for three centuries. In 1949, author and literary critic Anne Wadman wrote that the Halbertsmas gave "the Western Frisian people a literary monument, in which it saw its own life as a nation ..reflected."Wadman, p. 14. As of today ''Rimen en Teltsjes'' still occupies the first slot in the ranking of Western Frisian literary classics.


Bibliography

(of Tsjalling Halbertsma's Western Frisian-language oeuvre) * 1817 – ''Brulloftsfers'' of ''Mallichheid by de Brulloft'' ("Wedding Poem" or "Silliness at the Wedding"; poem) * 1829 – ''Sets en Tsjerk yn Snitser Merk'' ("Sets and Tsjerk at the Fair yn
Sneek Sneek (; ) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city southwest of Leeuwarden and the seat of the former municipality of Sneek in the province of Friesland, Netherlands. As of 2011 it is the seat of the municipality of Súdw ...
; poem)
* 1829 – ''In Priuwke út Reintsje de Foks'' ("A Taste from Reintsje the Fox"; translated passage from ''
Van den vos Reynaerde ''Van den vos Reinaerde'' (English language, English title: ''Of Reynaert the Fox'') is the Middle Dutch version of the story of Reynard, as written by Willem die Madoc maecte. The poem dates from around 1250. It is considered a major work of Mi ...
'')
* 1829 – ''Sjirk en Tryn'' ("Sjirk and Tryn"; poem) * 1830 – ''De Bêste Freed yn Ljou'ter Merke'' ("The Best Friday on the Fair in
Leeuwarden Leeuwarden (; ; ; ) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and Municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in Friesland, Netherlands, with a population of 127,073 (2023). It is the provincial capital and seat of the Provin ...
; poem)
* 1830 – ''De Brune en de Bles'' ("The Brown and the Blaze"; short story) * 1830 – ''Liet foar de Fryske Sjitterij'' ("Song for the Frisian Citizen Soldiery"; poem) * 1830 – ''Myn Reis mei Parsop nei de Stêd'' ("My Journey to Town with Pear Juice"; short story) * 1830 – ''De Skutter'' ("The Citizen Soldier"; poem) * 1832 – ''In Jûnpraatsje fan Oark en Sint'' ("A Talk in the Evening with Oark and Sint; dialogue) * 1832 – ''It Paad nei de Jilddobbe'' ("The Path to the Money Pit"; short story) * 1833 – ''An Menhear Frisius Stripsma'' ("To Mr. Frisius Stripsma"; short story in the form of a letter and an answering letter, both in City Frisian
dialect A dialect is a Variety (linguistics), variety of language spoken by a particular group of people. This may include dominant and standard language, standardized varieties as well as Vernacular language, vernacular, unwritten, or non-standardize ...
)
* 1833 – ''Punthûn en Liuwe Lijer'' ("Voluptuary and Leo Simpleton"; tale) * 1834 – ''De Brulloft'' ("The Wedding"; dialogue) * 1834 – ''De Divel'' ("The Devil"; tale) * 1834 – ''Yn 't Jier Doe't de Ko Bartele Hjitte'' ("In the Year When the Cow Was Called Barthold"; tale) * 1834 – ''Op in Jûn'' ("Of an Evening"; tale) * 1835 – ''De Skearwinkel fan Joutebaas'' ("Boss Joute's Barbershop'';
frame-story A frame story (also known as a frame tale, frame narrative, sandwich narrative, or intercalation) is a literary technique that serves as a companion piece to a story within a story, where an introductory or main narrative sets the stage either fo ...
with several short stories and poems; with
Justus Hiddes Halbertsma Justus Hiddes Halbertsma ( ; ; 23 October 1789 – 27 February 1869)Breuker 1993, p. 588.Breuker 2016, p. 1126.Rademaker-Helfferich. was a Frisian writer, poet, minister, lexicographer and linguist. Today, he is primarily known for the poetry a ...
and
Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma (; ; 8 October 1797 – 22 March 1858)Breuker 1993, p. 592. was a West Frisians, Frisian writer, poet and physician,Breuker 1993, pp. 592–594. member of the Halbertsma family, and the youngest of the Halbertsma Brother ...
)
* 1835 – ''De Wiersizzerije fan Maaike Jakkeles'' ("The Fortune-telling of Maaike Jakkeles"; short story) * 1837 – ''Yn de Grouster Weagerij'' ("In the Weigh-house of Grou"; speech) * 1838 – ''Grouster Merk'' ("Fair in Grou"; speech) * 1839 – ''Grouster Merke'' ("Fair in Grou"'; speech) * 1840 – ''Grouster Merke'' ("Fair in Grou"; speech) * 1841 – ''De Grouster Weachmasters oan de Merkegasten'' ("The Weigh-house Masters of Grou to the Visitors of the Fair"; speech) * 1841 – ''Idaarder'diel'' (" Idaarderadeel", name of the historical municipality which included Grou; poem) * 18?? – ''Master Doede fan Terbant Is Komd'' ("Master Doede of Terband Is Come"; tale)


References


Sources

* , ''Oer Skriuwers, Boek en Utjeften'', in: , ''Rimen en Teltsjes'', Drachten (A.J. Osinga Utjouwerij), 1993, , pp. 587–613. * , ''Halbertsma, Tsjalling Hiddes'', in: , ''Nieuwe Encyclopedie van Fryslân'', Gorredijk/Leeuwarden (Utjouwerij Bornmeer/Tresoar), 2016, , p. 1128. * , ''Lyts Hânboek fan de Fryske Literatuer'', Leeuwarden (Afûk), 1997, , pp. 37–42. * , ''Rimen en Teltsjes'', Bolsward/Leeuwarden (A.J. Osinga Utjouwerij/R. van der Velde), 1958, no ISBN. * , ''Rimen en Teltsjes'', Drachten (A.J. Osinga Utjouwerij), 1993, . * , ''Fryslân: Fêstens en Feroaring'', in: , ''De Fryslannen'', Leeuwarden (Frisian Council/Afûk), 2008, . * , ''Cultuur in Friesland en Friese Cultuur, 1795–1917'', in: , ''Geschiedenis van Friesland 1750–1995'', Amsterdam/Leeuwarden (Uitgeverij Boom/Fryske Akademy), 1998, , pp. 172–212. * , ''Spiegel van de Friese Poëzie: Van de Zeventiende Eeuw tot Heden'', Amsterdam (J.M. Meulenhoff B.V.), 1994, . * , ''Nieuwe Encyclopedie van Fryslân'', Gorredijk/Leeuwarden (Utjouwerij Bornmeer/Tresoar), 2016, . * , ''Tweeduizend Jaar Geschiedenis van Friesland'', Leeuwarden (Uitgeverij M.Th. van Seyen), no year, no ISBN, pp. 312–323. * , ''Fan Fryslâns Forline'', Bolsward (A.J. Osinga N.V.), 1968, no ISBN, pp. 296–299. * , ''Frieslands Dichters'', Leiden (L. Stafleu), 1949, no ISBN. * , ''Foarwurd'' and ''De Bruorren Halbertsma'', in: , ''Rimen en Teltsjes'', Bolsward (A.J. Osinga N.V.), 1958, pp. 5–14. * , ''Bodders yn de Fryske Striid'', Bolsward (A.J. Osinga N.V.), 1926, no ISBN. {{DEFAULTSORT:Halbertsma, Tsjalling Hiddes 1792 births 1852 deaths 19th-century Dutch male writers Dutch merchants Dutch short story writers 19th-century Dutch poets 19th-century Dutch politicians West Frisian-language writers People from Boarnsterhim Dutch male poets 19th-century Dutch businesspeople