The Tryphoninae comprise a worldwide

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

of the

parasitic wasp Parasitoid wasps are a large group of hymenopteran superfamilies, with all but the wood wasps ( Orussoidea) being in the wasp-waisted Apocrita. As parasitoids, they lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other arthropods, sooner or later causi ...

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Ichneumonidae The Ichneumonidae, also known as ichneumon wasps, ichneumonid wasps, ichneumonids, or Darwin wasps, are a family of parasitoid wasps of the insect order Hymenoptera. They are one of the most diverse groups within the Hymenoptera with roughly 25 ...

. Most species of the Tryphoninae are

koinobiont In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism ...

ectoparasitoids of

Symphyta Sawflies are wasp-like insects that are in the suborder Symphyta within the order Hymenoptera, alongside ants, bees, and wasps. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants ...

larvae, but members of some genera (e.g. ''Netelia'') are ectoparasitoids of

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organ ...

larvae. Tryphonines have a hair-margined

clypeus The clypeus is one of the sclerites that make up the face of an arthropod. In insects, the clypeus delimits the lower margin of the face, with the labrum articulated along the ventral margin of the clypeus. The mandibles bracket the labrum, but ...

and two longitudinal parallel ridges occur on the first

tergite A ''tergum'' (Latin for "the back"; : ''terga'', associated adjective tergal) is the Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral, dorsal ('upper') portion of an arthropod segment other than the head. The Anatomical terms of location#Anterior ...

. The female sometimes has stalked eggs projecting from her ovipositor. Most species are

Holarctic The Holarctic realm is a biogeographic realm that comprises the majority of habitats found throughout the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. It corresponds to the floristic Boreal Kingdom. It includes both the Nearctic zoogeographical reg ...

. Fifty-one

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

are described. Phytodietus male

Tribes and genera

, the following seven tribes are recognized. * Tribe Ankylophonini Gauld, 1984 ** '' Ankylophon'' Gauld, 1984 * Tribe Eclytini Townes & Townes, 1945 ** '' Eclytus'' Holmgren, 1857 * Tribe Idiogrammatini Cushman, 1942 ** '' Idiogramma'' Förster, 1869 ** '' Urotryphon'' Townes 1973 * Tribe Oedemopsini Woldstedt, 1877 ** '' Acaenitellus'' Morley ** '' Atopotrophos'' Cushman ** '' Cladeutes'' Townes, 1969 ** '' Debophanes'' Gauld ** '' Hercus'' Townes, 1969 ** '' Leptixys'' Townes, 1969 ** '' Neliopisthus'' Thomson, 1883 ** '' Oedemopsis'' Tschek, 1869 ** '' Scudderopsis'' Bennett ** '' Thymariodes'' Kasparyan ** '' Thymaris'' Forster, 1869 ** '' Zagryphus'' Cushman * Tribe Phytodietini Hellén, 1915 ** '' Biamosa'' Khalaim ** '' Netelia'' Gray, 1860 ** '' Phytodietus'' Gravenhorst, 1829 * Tribe Sphinctini Förster, 1869 ** '' Sphinctus'' Gravenhorst, 1829 * Tribe Tryphonini Shuckard, 1840 ** '' Acrotomus'' Holmgren, 1857 ** '' Aridella'' Kasparyan, 1970 ** '' Boethella'' Bennett, 2003 ** '' Boethus'' Forster, 1869 ** '' Chiloplatys'' Townes & Townes, 1945 ** '' Cosmoconus'' Forster, 1869 ** '' Cteniscus'' Haliday, 1832 ** '' Ctenochira'' Forster, 1855 ** '' Dyspetes'' Forster, 1869 ** '' Eremodolius'' Kasparyan, 1985 ** '' Eridolius'' Förster, 1869 ** '' Erromenus'' Holmgren, 1857 ** '' Excavarus'' Davis, 1897 ** '' Grypocentrus'' Ruthe, 1855 ** '' Ibornia'' Seyrig, 1936 ** '' Kerrichia'' Mason, 1962 ** '' Kristotomus'' Mason, 1962 ** '' Lagoleptus'' Townes, 1969 ** '' Ledora'' Kasparya, 1983 ** '' Leviculus'' Townes, 1969 ** '' Megatryphon'' Cockerell, 1924 ** '' Monoblastus'' Hartig, 1837 ** '' Neleges'' Forster, 1869 ** '' Orthomiscus'' Mason, 1955 ** '' Otoblastus'' Förster, 1869 ** '' Parablastus'' Constantineanu, 1973 ** '' Polyblastus'' Hartig, 1837 ** '' Scapnetes'' Townes, 1969 ** '' Schelocentrus'' Kasparyan, 1976 ** '' Smicroplectrus'' Thomson, 1883 ** '' Thibetoides'' Davis, 1879 ** '' Tryphon'' Fallén, 1813 ** '' Zambion'' Kasparyan, 1993

References

External links

Diagnostic characters
Ichneumonidae Apocrita subfamilies Taxa named by William Edward Shuckard {{ichneumonidae-stub

Tribes and genera

References

Further reading

External links