Hindu units of time are described in

Hindu texts Hindu texts or Hindu scriptures are manuscripts and voluminous historical literature which are related to any of the diverse traditions within Hinduism. Some of the major Hindus, Hindu texts include the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Itihasa. ...

ranging from microseconds to trillions of years, including cycles of cosmic time that repeat general events in

Hindu cosmology Hindu cosmology is the description of the universe and its states of matter, cycles within time, physical structure, and effects on living entities according to Hindu texts. Hindu cosmology is also intertwined with the idea of a creator who allo ...

. Time ( ) is described as eternal. Various fragments of time are described in the

Vedas FIle:Atharva-Veda samhita page 471 illustration.png, upright=1.2, The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the ''Atharvaveda''. The Vedas ( or ; ), sometimes collectively called the Veda, are a large body of relig ...

, ''

Manusmriti The ''Manusmṛti'' (), also known as the ''Mānava-Dharmaśāstra'' or the Laws of Manu, is one of the many legal texts and constitutions among the many ' of Hinduism. Over fifty manuscripts of the ''Manusmriti'' are now known, but the earli ...

'', ''

Bhagavata Purana The ''Bhagavata Purana'' (; ), also known as the ''Srimad Bhagavatam (Śrīmad Bhāgavatam)'', ''Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana'' () or simply ''Bhagavata (Bhāgavata)'', is one of Hinduism's eighteen major Puranas (''Mahapuranas'') and one ...

'', ''

Vishnu Purana The Vishnu Purana () is one of the eighteen Mahapuranas, a genre of ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism. It is an important Pancharatra text in the Vaishnavism literature corpus. The manuscripts of ''Vishnu Purana'' have survived into ...

'', ''

Mahabharata The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; , , ) is one of the two major Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epics of ancient India revered as Smriti texts in Hinduism, the other being the ''Ramayana, Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the events and aftermath of the Kuru ...

'', ''

Surya Siddhanta The ''Surya Siddhanta'' (; ) is a Sanskrit treatise in Indian astronomy dated to 4th to 5th century,Menso Folkerts, Craig G. Fraser, Jeremy John Gray, John L. Berggren, Wilbur R. Knorr (2017)Mathematics Encyclopaedia Britannica, Quote: "(...) i ...

'' etc.

Sidereal metrics

Sidereal astrology maintains the alignment between signs and

constellation A constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of visible stars forms Asterism (astronomy), a perceived pattern or outline, typically representing an animal, mythological subject, or inanimate object. The first constellati ...

s via corrective systems of

Hindu Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also be ...

(

Vedic upright=1.2, The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the '' Atharvaveda''. The Vedas ( or ; ), sometimes collectively called the Veda, are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed ...

)-origin known as ayanamsas (Sanskrit: '''ayana''' "movement" + '''aṃśa "component"), to allow for the observed

precession of equinoxes In astronomy, axial precession is a gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body's rotational axis. In the absence of precession, the astronomical body's orbit would show axial parallelism. In parti ...

, whereas tropical astrology ignores precession. This has caused the two systems, which were aligned around 2,000 years ago, to drift apart over the centuries. Ayanamsa systems used in Hindu astrology (also known as Vedic astrology) include the Lahiriayanamsa and the Raman ayanamsa. The Fagan-Bradley ayanamsa is an example of an ayanamsa system used in Western sidereal astrology. As of 2020, zodiacal signs calculated using the Sri Yukteswar ayanamsa were around 23 degrees behind tropical zodiacal signs. Per these calculations, persons born between March 12 - April 12, for instance, would have the sun sign of Pisces. By contrast, persons born between March 21 - April 19 would have the sun sign of Aries per tropical calculations. Sidereal Units: According to : Small units of time used in the Vedas:

Lunar metrics

The traditional lunar calendar system measures time based on the Moon's phases and its relation to the Sun. Unlike solar calendars, it uses units such as tithi (lunar day), pakṣa (lunar fortnight), māsa (lunar month), ṛitu (season), ayanam (half-year), and varsha (lunar year) to structure the year. This system was integral to ancient cultures for tracking time, planning festivals, and guiding agricultural practices. The following section provides an overview of these key time units and their relationships:

Tropical metrics

Tropical metrics are time units used to measure intervals based on the tropical year and related cycles. This system includes units such as ghaṭi (base unit), yāma (a period of 7.5 ghaṭis), and ahorātram (a full day comprising 8 yāmas). The following section explains these units and their approximate durations, offering insight into how time is organized in relation to the tropical year:

Cosmic metrics

The table below contains calculations of cosmic Hindu units of time as experienced by different entities, namely

human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. They are Hominidae, great apes characterized by their Prehistory of nakedness and clothing ...

Pitris The pitris (, ) are the spirits of departed ancestors in Hinduism. Following an individual's death, the performance of the antyesti (funeral rites) is regarded to allow the deceased to enter Pitrloka, the abode of one's ancestors. The non-performa ...

(forefathers),

Devas Devas may refer to: * Devas Club, a club in south London * Anthony Devas (1911–1958), British portrait painter * Charles Stanton Devas (1848–1906), political economist * Jocelyn Devas (died 1886), founder of the Devas Club * Devas (band), ...

(gods),

Manu Manu may refer to: Religion Proto Indo European Mythology * Manu (Indo European Mythology) one of the mythical duo Manu and Yemo Ancient Mesopotamia * Manu the Great, a Chaldean god of fate Hinduism *Manu (Hinduism), Hindu progenitor of mank ...

(progenitor of humanity), and

Brahma Brahma (, ) is a Hindu god, referred to as "the Creator" within the Trimurti, the triple deity, trinity of Para Brahman, supreme divinity that includes Vishnu and Shiva.Jan Gonda (1969)The Hindu Trinity, Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, pp. 212– ...

(creator god). Calculations use a traditional 360-day year (twelve 30-day months) and a standard 24-hour day for all entities.

Lifespans

define lifespans differently for

(forefathers),

(gods),

Manus Manus may refer to: Relating to locations around New Guinea *Manus Island, a Papua New Guinean island in the Admiralty Archipelago ** Manus languages, languages spoken on Manus and islands close by ** Manus Regional Processing Centre, an offshore ...

(progenitors of mankind), and

(creator god). The division of a year for each is twelve 30-day months or 360 days, where a day is divided into a 12-hour day proper and 12-hour night. A 30-day month amounts to four 7-day weeks with an extra 8th day every two weeks (48-week year). A traditional human year is measured by the sun's northern (''

uttarayana The term Uttarāyaṇa (commonly Uttarayanam) is derived from two different Sanskrit words – "uttaram" (North) and "ayanam" (movement) – thus indicating the northward movement of the Sun. In the Gregorian calendar, this pertains to the "actu ...

'') and southern (''

dakshinayana Dakshinayana () is a Hindu astronomical concept that refers to the movement of the sun to the south of the equator, and is also a term that indicates the six-month period between the summer solstice and the winter solstice. Dakshinayana begins on K ...

'') movements in the sky, where the new year commences only when the sun returns to the same starting point and a pause on the commencement otherwise. Ebenezer Burgess postulates an intercalary month was inserted every five years to anciently maintain the correspondence of the 360-day years with the true solar years (~365.24-day years). For this reason, a traditional 360-day year is equivalent to a modern ~365.24-day solar or

tropical year A tropical year or solar year (or tropical period) is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the sky – as viewed from the Earth or another celestial body of the Solar System – thus completing a full cycle of astronom ...

Cosmic date

According to Puranic sources, Krishna's departure marks the end of the human age of '' Dvapara-yuga'' and the start of ''

Kali-yuga ''Kali Yuga'' (Devanagari: कलियुग), in Hinduism, is the fourth, shortest, and worst of the four ''yugas'' (world ages) in a '' Yuga cycle'', preceded by ''Dvapara Yuga'' and followed by the next cycle's '' Krita (Satya) Yuga''. It ...

'', which is dated to midnight on 17/18 February 3102

BCE Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the o ...

of the

proleptic Julian calendar The proleptic Julian calendar is produced by extending the Julian calendar backwards to dates preceding AD 8 when the quadrennial leap year stabilized. The leap years that were actually observed between the implementation of the Julian calen ...

. We are currently halfway through Brahma's life (''maha-kalpa''), whose lifespan is equal to the duration of the manifested material elements, from which Brahma manifests his universe in ''

kalpa Kalevan Pallo (KalPa) is a professional ice hockey team which competes in the Finnish Liiga. They play in Kuopio, Finland at the Niiralan monttu, Olvi Areena. Team history Established in 1929 as ''Sortavalan Palloseura'' in Sortavala, the club r ...

'' cycles: * 51st year of 100 (2nd half or ''parardha'') * 1st month of 12 * 1st ''

'' (''Shveta-Varaha Kalpa'') of 30 * 7th ''

manvantara A ''manvantara'', in Hindu cosmology, is a cyclic period of time identifying the duration, reign, or age of a Manu, the progenitor of mankind. In each ''manvantara'', seven Rishis, certain deities, an Indra, a Manu, and kings (sons of Manu) are ...

'' ( Vaivasvatha Manu) of 14 * 28th '' chatur-yuga'' of 71 * 4th ''

yuga A ''yuga'', in Hinduism, is generally used to indicate an age of time. In the ''Rigveda'', a ''yuga'' refers to generations, a period of time (whether long or short), or a yoke (joining of two things). In the ''Mahabharata'', the words ''yuga' ...

'' (''

'') of 4 A ''maha-kalpa'' is followed by a '' maha-pralaya'' (full dissolution) of equal length. Each ''kalpa'' (day of Brahma) is followed by a ''

pralaya Pralaya () is a concept in Hindu eschatology. Generally referring to four different phenomena, it is most commonly used to indicate the event of the dissolution of the entire universe that follows a '' kalpa'' (a period of 4.32 billion years) ...

'' (night of Brahma or partial dissolution) of equal length. Preceding the first and following each ''manvantara'' is a ''manvantara-sandhya'' (connection period), each with a length of ''Krita-yuga'' ( '' Satya-yuga'').

specify that the start and end of each of the ''yugas'' are marked by astronomical alignments. This cycle's '' Treta-yuga'' began with 5 planets residing in the "Aries" constellation. This cycle's '' Dvapara-yuga'' ended with the "Saptarshi" constellation (Ursa major) residing in the "Magha" constellation. The current ''

'' will end with the Sun, Moon and Jupiter residing in the "Pushya" sector.

Human

The history of humanity is divided up into four ''yugas'' ( ''

dharmic Dharma (; , ) is a key concept in various Indian religions. The term ''dharma'' does not have a single, clear translation and conveys a multifaceted idea. Etymologically, it comes from the Sanskrit ''dhr-'', meaning ''to hold'' or ''to support' ...

'' ages or world ages)— (pronounced ''Krita-yuga''; '' Satya-yuga''), , and ''

''—each with a 25% decline in ''dharmic'' practices and length, giving proportions (; pronounced ''charanas'') of 4:3:2:1 (e.g. ''Satya'': 100% start; ''Kali'': 25% start, 0% end), indicating a

de-evolution Devolution, de-evolution, or backward evolution (not to be confused with dysgenics) is the notion that species can revert to supposedly more primitive forms over time. The concept relates to the idea that evolution has a divine purpose (teleology) ...

in spiritual consciousness and an evolution in material consciousness. ''Kali-yuga'' is followed by ''Satya-yuga'' of the next cycle, where a cycle is called a (pronounced ''chatur-yuga''; ''mahā-yuga''). Each ''yuga'' is divided into a main period ( ''yuga'' proper) and two ''yuga-sandhis'' ( ; connecting periods)⁠— (dawn) and ( ; dusk)⁠—where each ''yuga-sandhi'' lasts for 10% of the main period. Lengths are given in divine years ( celestial or

Deva Deva may refer to: Arts and entertainment Fictional characters * Deva, List of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition monsters, an ''Advanced Dungeons & Dragons'' 2nd edition monster * Deva, in the 2023 Indian film ''Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefir ...

years), where a divine year lasts for 360

solar Solar may refer to: Astronomy * Of or relating to the Sun ** Solar telescope, a special purpose telescope used to observe the Sun ** A device that utilizes solar energy (e.g. "solar panels") ** Solar calendar, a calendar whose dates indicate t ...

(human) years. A ''chatur-yuga'' lasts for 4.32 million solar (12,000 divine) years with 1,728,000 years of ''Krita-yuga'', 1,296,000 years of ''Treta-yuga'', 864,000 years of ''Dvapara-yuga'', and 432,000 years of ''Kali-yuga''.

Current ''yuga''

'' lasts for 432,000 years and is the 4th of 4 '' yugas in a cycle'' as well as the current ''yuga'', with two ''sandhyas'', each lasting for 36,000 years: * ''Kali-yuga'' started 3102BCE in past: : = current year + ''Kali-yuga'' start year -

year zero A year zero does not exist in the Anno Domini (AD) calendar year system commonly used to number years in the Gregorian calendar (nor in its predecessor, the Julian calendar); in this system, the year is followed directly by year (which is the ...

: = + 3102 - 1 : = years * ''Kali-yuga-sandhya'' (dawn) ends CE in future: : = ''Kali-yuga-sandhya'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' : = 36,000 - ( + 3102 - 1) : = years * ''Kali-yuga-sandhyamsa'' (dusk) starts CE in future: : = ''Kali-yuga'' - ''Kali-yuga-sandhyamsa'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' : = 432,000 - 36,000 - ( + 3102 - 1) : = years * ''Kali-yuga'' ends CE in future: : = ''Kali-yuga'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' : = 432,000 - ( + 3102 - 1) : = years

Current ''chatur yuga''

A '' chatur-yuga'' lasts for 4.32million years, where the current is the 28th of 71: * Started BCE in past: : = ''chatur-yuga'' - ''Kali-yuga'' + elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' : = 4,320,000 - 432,000 + ( + 3102 - 1) : = years : ≈ million years * Ends CE in future: : = ''Kali-yuga'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' : = 432,000 - ( + 3102 - 1) : = years

Pitri

The lifespan of the

(forefathers) lasts for 100 of their years. * 24 hours (1 day & night) of Pitris = 1 solar month (''masa''; Moon's two 15-day fortnights: bright and dark) * 30 days (1 month) of Pitris = 30 solar months (2.5 solar years) * 12 months (1 year) of Pitris = 30 solar years (1 month of

) * 100 years (lifespan) of Pitris = 3,000 solar years

Deva

The lifespan of the

(gods) lasts for 100 of their years. * 24 hours (1 day & night) of Devas = 1 solar year (Sun's two 180-day motions: northern and southern) * 30 days (1 month) of Devas = 30 solar years (1 year of

) * 12 months (1 year) of Devas = 360 solar years * 100 years (lifespan) of Devas = 36,000 solar years

Manu

The lifespan of the

(progenitors of mankind) lasts for 100 of their years. Each Manu reigns over a period called a ''

'', each lasting for 71 '' chatur-yugas'' (306.72 million years). A total of 14 Manus reign successively in one ''

'' (day of

). Preceding the first and following each ''manvantara'' is a ' (connection period), each lasting the duration of '' Satya-yuga'' (1.728 million years). During each ' ( ''manvantara-sandhi''), Earth ('' Bhu-loka'') is submerged in water. * 24 hours (1 day & night) of Manu = 8,520 solar years * 30 days (1 month) of Manu = 255,600 solar years * 12 months (1 year) of Manu = 3,067,200 solar years * 100 years (lifespan) of Manu = 306,720,000 solar years (71 '' chatur-yugas'')

Current ''manvantara''

A ''

'' lasts for 306.72million years, where the current (ruled by Vaivasvatha Manu) is the 7th of 14: * Started in past: : = elapsed 28th ''chatur-yuga'' + 27 ''chatur-yugas'' : = ''chatur-yuga'' - ''Kali-yuga'' + elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' + 27 ''chatur-yugas'' : = (4,320,000 - 432,000 + ( + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 27 : = years : ≈ million years * Ends in future: : = remaining 28th ''chatur-yuga'' + 43 ''chatur-yugas'' : = ''Kali-yuga'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' + 43 ''chatur-yugas'' : = (432,000 - ( + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 43 : = years : ≈ million years

Brahma

The lifespan of

(creator god) lasts for 100 of his years. His 12-hour day or ''

'' ( day of Brahma) is followed by a 12-hour night or ''

'' ( night of Brahma) of equal length, each lasting for 4.32 billion years. A ''kalpa'' lasts for 1,000 '' chatur-yugas'' and has 14 ''

s'' and 15 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' occurring in it. At the start of Brahma's days, he is re-born and creates the planets and the first living entities. At the end of his days, he and his creations are unmanifest (partial dissolution). His 100-year life (311.04 trillion years) is called a , which is followed by a (full dissolution) of equal length, where the bases of the universe, ''

prakriti Prakriti ( ) is "the original or natural form or condition of anything, original or primary substance". It is a key concept in Hinduism, formulated by the ''Samkhya'' school, where it does not refer merely to matter or nature, but includes all cog ...

'', is manifest at the start and unmanifest at the end of a ''maha-kalpa''. His 100-year life is divided into two 50-year periods, each called a . In 100 360-day years (''maha-kalpa''), there are a total of 36,000 full days: 36,000 ''kalpas'' (days proper) and 36,000 ''pralayas'' (nights). * 12 hours (1 day proper: ''kalpa'') of Brahma = 4.32 billion solar years (1,000 '' chatur-yugas''; 14 ''

s'' + 15 ''manvantara-sandhyas'') * 24 hours (1 day & night: ''kalpa'' + ''pralaya'') of Brahma = 8.64 billion solar years * 30 days (1 month) of Brahma = 259.2 billion solar years * 12 months (1 year) of Brahma = 3.1104 trillion solar years * 50 years (''parardha'') of Brahma = 155.52 trillion solar years * 100 years (lifespan: 2 ''parardhas'') of Brahma = 311.04 trillion solar years

Current ''kalpa''

A ''

'' (day of

, 12 hours) lasts for 4.32billion years, where the current (''Shveta-Varaha Kalpa'') is the 1st of 30 in his 1st month of his 51st year: * Started in past: : = elapsed 7th ''manvantara'' + 7 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 6 ''manvantaras'' : = elapsed 28th ''chatur-yuga'' + 27 ''chatur-yugas'' + 7 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 6 ''manvantaras'' : = ''chatur-yuga'' - ''Kali-yuga'' + elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' + 27 ''chatur-yugas'' + 7 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 6 ''manvantaras'' : = ((4,320,000 - 432,000 + ( + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 27) + 1,728,000 * 7 + 306,720,000 * 6 : = years : ≈ billion years * Ends in future: : = remaining 7th ''manvantara'' + 8 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 7 ''manvantaras'' : = remaining 28th ''chatur-yuga'' + 43 ''chatur-yugas'' + 8 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 7 ''manvantaras'' : = ''Kali-yuga'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' + 43 ''chatur-yugas'' + 8 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 7 ''manvantaras'' : = ((432,000 - ( + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 43) + 1,728,000 * 8 + 306,720,000 * 7 : = years : ≈ billion years

Current ''maha kalpa''

A ''maha-kalpa'' (life of

) lasts for 311.04trillion years: * Started in past: : = elapsed 18,001st ''kalpa'' + 18,000 ''kalpas'' + 18,000 ''pralayas'' : = elapsed 7th ''manvantara'' + 7 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 6 ''manvantaras'' + 36,000 ''kalpas/pralayas'' : = elapsed 28th ''chatur-yuga'' + 27 ''chatur-yugas'' + 7 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 6 ''manvantaras'' + 36,000 ''kalpas/pralayas'' : = ''chatur-yuga'' - ''Kali-yuga'' + elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' + 27 ''chatur-yugas'' + 7 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 6 ''manvantaras'' + 36,000 ''kalpas/pralayas'' : = (((4,320,000 - 432,000 + ( + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 27) + 1,728,000 * 7 + 306,720,000 * 6) + 4,320,000,000 * 36,000 : = years : ≈ trillion years * Ends in future: : = remaining 18,001st ''kalpa'' + 17,999 ''kalpas'' + 18,000 ''pralayas'' : = remaining 7th ''manvantara'' + 8 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 7 ''manvantaras'' + 35,999 ''kalpas/pralayas'' : = remaining 28th ''chatur-yuga'' + 43 ''chatur-yugas'' + 8 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 7 ''manvantaras'' + 35,999 ''kalpas/pralayas'' : = ''Kali-yuga'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' + 43 ''chatur-yugas'' + 8 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 7 ''manvantaras'' + 35,999 ''kalpas/pralayas'' : = (((432,000 - ( + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 43) + 1,728,000 * 8 + 306,720,000 * 7) + 4,320,000,000 * 35,999 : = years : ≈ trillion years

Hindu texts

''Mahabharata''

The ''

'' (12.231.12–31) describes units of time from a wink of the eye (''nimesha'') up to the days (''

'') and nights (''

'') of

''Manusmriti''

The ''

'' ( ''Laws of Manu''; 1.64–80) describes units of time from a twinkling of the eye (''nimesha'') up to the days (''

'') and nights (''

'') of

. According to

Patrick Olivelle Patrick Olivelle is an Indologist. A philologist and scholar of Sanskrit Literature whose work has focused on asceticism, renunciation and the dharma, Olivelle has been Professor of Sanskrit and Indian Religions in the Department of Asian Stu ...

, most scholars take the table of contents (1.111–118) to be an addition, but for him the account of time and cosmology (1.61–86) to the aforementioned (1.118) are out of place redactions. He feels the narrative should have ended when the initial command to "listen" (1.4) was repeated (1.60), then transition to "learn" (2.1).

Georg Bühler Professor Johann Georg Bühler (19 July 1837 – 8 April 1898) was a German scholar of ancient Indian languages and law. Early life and education Bühler was born to Rev. Johann G. Bühler in Borstel, Hanover, attended grammar school in Hanove ...

, whose translation has remained the standard for over a century according to Olivelle, translated 1.71 as 12,000 years in a four-aged period, same as

Sir William Jones Sir William Jones (28 September 1746 – 27 April 1794) was a British philologist, orientalist, Indologist and judge. Born in Westminster, London to Welsh mathematician William Jones, he moved to the Bengal Presidency where Jones served as ...

's translation, both based on Kulluka Bhatta's commentary. Medhatithi translated it as 12,000 four-aged periods in an age of the gods. Kulluka and Olivelle reject Medhatithi's interpretation based on 1.79 mentioning 12,000 without a qualifier ("''etat''" or "this") and must be assumed as years.

''Surya Siddhanta''

The ''

'' (1.10–21) describes units of time from a respiration (''prana'') up to the 100-year lifespan of

(''maha-kalpa'').

Explanatory notes

References

External links

Scientific Explanation of Hindu Time Units

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Units of time A unit of time is any particular time interval, used as a standard way of measuring or expressing duration. The SI base unit, base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), and by extension most of the Western world, is the second, ...

History of mathematics Vedic period

Obsolete units of measurement Units of time

Units of measurement by country Time in India Time in Nepal

Sidereal metrics

Lunar metrics

Tropical metrics

Cosmic metrics

Lifespans

Cosmic date

Human

Current ''yuga''

Current ''chatur yuga''

Pitri

Deva

Manu

Current ''manvantara''

Brahma

Current ''kalpa''

Current ''maha kalpa''

Hindu texts

''Mahabharata''

''Manusmriti''

''Surya Siddhanta''

See also

Explanatory notes

References

External links