''Trulla'' is a fungal

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

in the family

Steccherinaceae The Steccherinaceae are a family of about 200 species of fungi in the order Polyporales. It includes crust-like, toothed, and poroid species that cause a white rot in dead wood. Taxonomy The family was circumscribed by Czech mycologist Erast P ...

containing six species of

polypore Polypores are a group of fungi that form large fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside (see Delimitation for exceptions). They are a morphological group of basidiomycetes-like gilled mushrooms and hydnoid fungi, and not all polyp ...

s. It was

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every po ...

by mycologists Otto Miettinen and

Leif Ryvarden Leif Randulff Ryvarden (born 9 August 1935) is a Norwegian mycologist. Early life and education Leif Ryvarden was born in Bergen as a son of Einar Norberg Johansen (1900–1959) and Hjørdis Randulff (1912–1975). He finished his secondary ed ...

in 2016, as a continuation of prior work that outlined a revised framework for the Steccherinaceae based on

molecular phylogenetics Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

. Its closest relative in the Steccherinaceae is the genus ''

Nigroporus ''Nigroporus'' is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Steccherinaceae. The genus was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905. ''Nigroporus'' has a pantropical distribution. The genus name combines the Latin wo ...

'', from which it differs in its light-coloured

fruit bodies The sporocarp (also known as fruiting body, fruit body or fruitbody) of fungi is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruitbody is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life c ...

and monomitic

context Context may refer to: * Context (language use), the relevant constraints of the communicative situation that influence language use, language variation, and discourse summary Computing * Context (computing), the virtual environment required to s ...

. The generic name ''Trulla'', from the

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power ...

word for "ladle", alludes to the spatulate (spoon-like) shape of the fruit bodies. Microscopic characteristics of the genus include

spores In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, ...

that are curved and cylindrical, cyanophilic skeletal

hypha A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one o ...

e (

staining Staining is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level. Stains and dyes are frequently used in histology (microscopic study of biological tissues), in cytology (microscopic study of cells), and in ...

blue if the microscopic stain Lactophenol Cotton Blue is applied) and slightly thick-walled, wide generative hyphae in the context.

Species

''Trulla'' contains six species that were transferred from various other polypore genera, including ''

Antrodiella ''Antrodiella'' is a genus of fungi in the family Steccherinaceae of the order Polyporales. Taxonomy ''Antrodiella'' was circumscribed by mycologists Leif Ryvarden and I. Johansen in 1980. Of the seven original species it contained, only th ...

'', ''

Polyporus ''Polyporus'' is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. Taxonomy Italian botanist Pier Antonio Micheli introduced the genus in 1729 to include 14 species featuring fruit bodies with centrally-placed stipes, and pores on the undersi ...

'', ''

Leptoporus ''Leptoporus'' is a genus of polypore fungi. The type species, '' Leptoporus mollis'', is widespread throughout north temperate areas. The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words ("thin") and ("pore"). Although traditionally class ...

'', ''

Coriolus ''Trametes'' is a genus of fungi that is distinguished by a pileate basidiocarp, di- to trimitic hyphal systems, smooth non-dextrinoid spores, and a hymenium usually without true hymenial cystidia.Ryvarden L. (1991). "Genera of polypores: Nomen ...

'', and ''

Tyromyces ''Tyromyces'' is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It was circumscribed by mycologist Petter Karsten in 1881. The type species is the widely distributed '' Tyromyces chioneus'', commonly known as the white cheese polypore. The ...

''. Additional

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

analysis may reveal more species hidden in the ''T. duracina''

species complex In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each oth ...

. *''

Trulla crustulina ''Trulla'' is a fungal genus in the family Steccherinaceae containing six species of polypores. It was circumscribed by mycologists Otto Miettinen and Leif Ryvarden in 2016, as a continuation of prior work that outlined a revised framework for th ...

'' (Bres.) Miettinen (2016) *''

Trulla dentipora ''Trulla dentipora'' is a neotropical polypore fungus in the family Steccherinaceae, and the type species of the genus ''Trulla''. Characteristics of this species are the irregularly shaped pores with jagged or teeth-like edges, and the sausage- ...

'' (Ryvarden & Iturr.) Miettinen & Ryvarden (2016) *''

Trulla duracina ''Trulla'' is a fungal genus in the family Steccherinaceae containing six species of polypores. It was circumscribed by mycologists Otto Miettinen and Leif Ryvarden in 2016, as a continuation of prior work that outlined a revised framework for th ...

'' (Pat.) Miettinen (2016) *''

Trulla meridae ''Trulla'' is a fungal genus in the family Steccherinaceae containing six species of polypores. It was circumscribed by mycologists Otto Miettinen and Leif Ryvarden in 2016, as a continuation of prior work that outlined a revised framework for th ...

'' Miettinen & Ryvarden (2016) *''

Trulla ochrotinctella ''Trulla'' is a fungal genus in the family Steccherinaceae containing six species of polypores. It was circumscribed by mycologists Otto Miettinen and Leif Ryvarden in 2016, as a continuation of prior work that outlined a revised framework for th ...

'' (Murrill) Miettinen (2016) *''

Trulla polyporoides ''Trulla'' is a fungal genus in the family Steccherinaceae containing six species of polypores. It was circumscribed by mycologists Otto Miettinen and Leif Ryvarden in 2016, as a continuation of prior work that outlined a revised framework for th ...

'' (Ryvarden & Iturr.) Miettinen & Ryvarden (2016)

Distribution

Most species of ''Trulla'' are found in

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

areas, although in some cases the distribution extends to south

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

regions in North America and Asia. Like all members of the Steccherinaceae, ''Trulla'' are wood-decay fungi that cause a

white rot A wood-decay or xylophagous fungus is any species of fungus that digests moist wood, causing it to rot. Some species of wood-decay fungi attack dead wood, such as brown rot, and some, such as '' Armillaria'' (honey fungus), are parasitic and col ...

in dead wood.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q30106538 Steccherinaceae Taxa named by Leif Ryvarden Polyporales genera Taxa described in 2016