Trogulus torosus body view 2010 4 Croatia Konavle 006 Vilina

''Trogulus'' is a genus of

Opiliones The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an Order (biology), order of arachnids, Common name, colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs (see below). , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered w ...

(also known as harvestmen) in the family

Trogulidae Trogulidae is a family of harvestmen comprising 65 extant species (plus 1 extinct) in five genera. Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges f ...

. Harvestmen in the genus have large, elongated and flattened bodies (

prosoma The cephalothorax, also called prosoma in some groups, is a tagma of various arthropods, comprising the head and the thorax fused together, as distinct from the abdomen behind. (The terms ''prosoma'' and ''opisthosoma'' are equivalent to ''cepha ...

and

opisthosoma The opisthosoma is the posterior part of the body in some arthropods, behind the prosoma ( cephalothorax). It is a distinctive feature of the subphylum Chelicerata (arachnids, horseshoe crabs and others). Although it is similar in most respects ...

) and a two-segmented tarsus segment on leg II, which distinguishes them from other

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

in the family Trogulidae. The legs tend to be short compared to most harvestmen. External morphology tends to be very uniform across species in the genus, making differentiation of species difficult. Species occur in a range of habitats, but are most common in forests where their primary prey,

snail A snail is a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gas ...

s, are abundant. ''Trogulus'' contains the largest known harvestman by body length, '' Trogulus torosus.''

Taxonomy and systematics

The genus ''Trogulus'' is divided into seven species groups''–''groupings of

allopatric Allopatric speciation () – also referred to as geographic speciation, vicariant speciation, or its earlier name the dumbbell model – is a mode of speciation that occurs when biological populations become geographically isolated from ...

species with morphological similarities:' * ''T. gypseus'' SG * ''T. tricarinatus'' SG * ''T. coriziformis'' SG * ''T. torosus'' SG * ''T. hirtus'' SG * ''T. nepaeformis'' SG * ''T. squamatus'' SG However, genetic analysis indicates that two of the seven species groups listed above are not

monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...

. The '' T. torosus'' species group with the monophyletic ''T. hirtus'' species group nested within it and the ''T. gypseus'' species group which contains the monophyletic '' T. tricarinatus'' species group are both

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

Species

''Trogulus'' contains the following species: * '' Trogulus aquaticus'' Simon, 1879 * '' Trogulus balearicus'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 * '' Trogulus banaticus'' Avram, 1971 * '' Trogulus cisalpinus'' Chemini & Martens, 1988 * '' Trogulus closanicus'' Avram, 1971 * '' Trogulus coreiformis'' Koch, 1839 * '' Trogulus coriziformis'' Koch, 1839 * '' Trogulus cristatus'' Simon, 1879 * '' Trogulus falcipenis'' Komposch, 2000 * '' Trogulus graecus'' Dahl, 1903 * '' Trogulus gypseus'' Simon, 1879 * '' Trogulus hirtus'' Dahl, 1903 * '' Trogulus huberi'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 * '' Trogulus karamanorum'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 * '' Trogulus longipes'' Haupt, 1956 * '' Trogulus lusitanicus'' Giltay, 1932 * '' Trogulus lygaeiformis'' Koch, 1839 * '' Trogulus martensi'' Chemini, 1983 * ''

Trogulus megaligrava ''Trogulus'' is a genus of Opiliones (also known as harvestmen) in the family Trogulidae. Harvestmen in the genus have large, elongated and flattened bodies (Cephalothorax, prosoma and opisthosoma) and a two-segmented tarsus segment on leg II, wh ...

'' Schönhofer, Karaman & Martens, 2013 * '' Trogulus melitensis'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 * '' Trogulus nepaeformis'' Scopoli, 1763 * '' Trogulus oltenicus'' Avram, 1971 * '' Trogulus ozimeci'' Schönhofer, Karaman & Martens, 2013 * '' Trogulus pharensis'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 * '' Trogulus prietoi'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 * '' Trogulus pulverulentus'' Koch, 1856 * '' Trogulus pyrenaicus'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 * '' Trogulus rossicus'' Šilhavý, 1968 * '' Trogulus setosissimus'' Roewer, 1940 * '' Trogulus squamatus'' Koch, 1839 * '' Trogulus templetonii'' Westwood, 1833 * '' Trogulus tenuitarsus'' Schönhofer, Karaman & Martens, 2013 * '' Trogulus thaleri'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 * '' Trogulus tingiformis'' Koch, 1847 * '' Trogulus torosus'' Simon, 1885 * ''

Trogulus tricarinatus ''Trogulus tricarinatus'' is a species of harvestman. It is found in Europe and North America. ''Trogulus tricarinatus'' grows to between 7 and 9mm in both sexes.Jones, Dick (1989) ''A Guide to Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe'' (revised e ...

'' Linnaeus, 1767 * '' Trogulus uncinatus'' Gruber, 1969

References

Harvestman genera Taxa described in 1802 {{Opiliones-stub