Trogulidae is a family of
harvestmen
The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an Order (biology), order of arachnids Common name, colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, alth ...
with 5 genera and 57 extant species and one fossil species.
Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22 mm. The body is in most genera somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood, which hides their short
chelicerae
The chelicerae () are the mouthparts of the subphylum Chelicerata, an arthropod group that includes arachnids, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. Commonly referred to as " jaws", chelicerae may be shaped as either articulated fangs, or simila ...
and
pedipalp
Pedipalps (commonly shortened to palps or palpi) are the second pair of appendages of chelicerates – a group of arthropods including spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. The pedipalps are lateral to the chelicerae ("jaws") a ...
s.
[ (2007): Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833. In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 157ff]
Distribution
Members of this family occur in western and southern Europe, up to western
North Africa
North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in t ...
and the
Levant
The Levant () is an approximation, approximate historical geography, historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Western Asia. In its narrowest sense, which is in use today in archaeology an ...
, the
Caucasus
The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (country), Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range ...
and northern
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkm ...
. ''Trogulus tricarinatus'', a predator of
terrestrial snails, has been introduced to eastern North America.
[
]
Name
The derivation of the name of the type genus, ''Trogulus'', is not fully understood. The describer Latreille wrote that he named it because it looks like a monkshood
''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. ...
. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...
''trogein'' "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance.[
]
Species[Chemeris, A.N. (2013]
Two new harvestman species (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the collection of Siberian Zoological Museum. ''Arthropoda Selecta''
/ref>
* '' Anarthrotarsus'' Silhavý, 1967
:* '' Anarthrotarsus martensi'' Silhavý, 1967
* '' Anelasmocephalus'' Simon, 1879
:*''Anelasmocephalus balearicus
''Anelasmocephalus'' is a genus of harvestmen belonging to the family Trogulidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe.
Species
Species:
*'' Anelasmocephalus balearicus''
*'' Anelasmocephalus brignolii''
*''Anelasmocephalus calcan ...
'' Martens & Chemini, 1988 ( Baleares)
:*''Anelasmocephalus brignolii
''Anelasmocephalus'' is a genus of harvestmen belonging to the family Trogulidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe.
Species
Species:
*''Anelasmocephalus balearicus''
*'' Anelasmocephalus brignolii''
*''Anelasmocephalus calcane ...
'' Martens & Chemini, 1988 (Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label= Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label= Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, af ...
)
:*''Anelasmocephalus calcaneatus
''Anelasmocephalus'' is a genus of harvestmen
The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an Order (biology), order of arachnids Common name, colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. , over 6,650 species of ...
'' Martens & Chemini, 1988 (Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
)
:*'' Anelasmocephalus cambridgei'' (Westwood, 1874) (Europe)
:*'' Anelasmocephalus crassipes'' ( H. Lucas, 1847) (Algeria)
:*'' Anelasmocephalus hadzii'' Martens, 1978 (Austria)
:*'' Anelasmocephalus lycosinus'' (Sørensen, 1873) (Italy)
:*'' Anelasmocephalus osellai'' Martens & Chemini, 1988 (Italy)
:*'' Anelasmocephalus pusillus'' Simon, 1879 (Corsica, Sardinia)
:*'' Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus'' Martens, 1978 (Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, ...
)
:*'' Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis'' Simon, 1879 (France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan ar ...
)
:*'' Anelasmocephalus tenuiglandis'' Martens & Chemini, 1988 (France)
:*'' Anelasmocephalus tuscus'' Martens & Chemini, 1988 (Italy)
* '' Calathocratus'' Simon, 1879
:*'' Calathocratus africanus'' (H. Lucas, 1847) (southern Europe, Algeria)
:*''Calathocratus beieri'' Gruber, 1968
:*''Calathocratus caucasicus'' (Šilhavý, 1966)
:*''Calathocratus hirsutus'' Snegovaya, 2011
:*''Calathocratus intermedius'' Roewer, 1940 (Crete)
:*''Calathocratus kyrghyzicus'' (Chemeris, 2013)
:*''Calathocratus minutus'' Snegovaya, 2011
:*''Calathocratus rhodiensis'' (Gruber, 1963)
:*''Calathocratus singularis'' (Roewer, 1940)
:*''Calathocratus sinuosus'' (Sørensen, 1873)
* '' Konfiniotis'' Roewer, 1940
:* '' Konfiniotis creticus'' Roewer, 1940 (Crete)
* '' Trogulus'' Latreille, 1802
:*'' Trogulus aquaticus'' Simon, 1879
:*''Trogulus balearicus'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2008
:*'' Trogulus banaticus'' Avram, 1971
:*'' Trogulus cisalpinus'' Chemini & Martens, 1988 (Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
)
:*''Trogulus closanicus'' Avram, 1971
:*'' Trogulus coriziformis'' C. L. Koch, in Hahn & C .L. Koch 1839 (southern Europe, Algeria
)
, image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, religi ...
)
:*''Trogulus cristatus'' Simon, 1879
:*'' Trogulus falcipenis'' Komposch, 1999 (Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
)
:*'' Trogulus graecus'' Dahl
Dahl may refer to:
* Dal (or dahl, or dhal), a dish or preparation of lentils or other pulses
Places Germany
* Hagen-Dahl, Hagen, Ruhrgebiet
*Kürten-Dahl, Kürten, Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis
*Marienheide-Dahl, Marienheide, Oberbergischer Kreis ...
, 1903 (Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wit ...
)
:*'' Trogulus gypseus'' Simon, 1879 (Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
, Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Med ...
)
:* † '' Trogulus longipes'' Haupt, 1956 (fossil: Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
)
:*''Trogulus hirtus'' Dahl, 1903 (Hercegovina
Herzegovina ( or ; sh-Latn-Cyrl, Hercegovina, separator=" / ", Херцеговина, ) is the southern and smaller of two main geographical region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being Bosnia. It has never had strictly defined geograp ...
)
:*''Trogulus huberi'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2008
:*''Trogulus karamanorum'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2009
:*'' Trogulus lusitanicus'' Giltay, 1932 (Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, In recognized minority languages of Portugal:
:* mwl, República Pertuesa is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Macaronesian ...
)
:*'' Trogulus martensi'' Chemini, 1983 (Italy)
:*''Trogulus megaligrava'' Schönhofer et al., 2013
:*''Trogulus melitensis'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2009
:*'' Trogulus nepaeformis'' ( Scopoli, 1763) (southern Europe)
:*''Trogulus oltenicus'' Avram, 1971
:*''Trogulus ozimeci'' Schönhofer et al., 2013
:*''Trogulus pharensis'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2009
:*''Trogulus prietoi'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2008
:*''Trogulus pyrenaicus'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2008
:*''Trogulus rossicus'' Šilhavý, 1968
:*'' Trogulus setosissimus'' Roewer, 1940 (Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cypru ...
)
:*'' Trogulus squamatus'' C. L. Koch, in Hahn & C .L .Koch 1839 (Dalmatia
Dalmatia (; hr, Dalmacija ; it, Dalmazia; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria. Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of the Adriatic Sea, stre ...
)
:*''Trogulus tenuitarsus'' Schönhofer et al., 2013
:*''Trogulus thaleri'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2009
:*'' Trogulus tingiformis'' C.L. Koch, in Hahn & C. L. Koch 1839
:*'' Trogulus torosus'' Simon, 1885 (Dalmatia)
:*''Trogulus tricarinatus
''Trogulus tricarinatus'' is a species of harvestman. It is found in Europe and North America.
''T. tricarinatus'' grows to between 7 and 9mm in both sexes.Jones, Dick (1989) ''A Guide to Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe'' (revised edition ...
'' (Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, t ...
, 1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoological ...
) (central Europe)
:*'' Trogulus uncinatus'' Gruber, 1973
Footnotes
References
* Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog
Trogulidae
* (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. ''Harvard University Press''
Harvestmen
Arachnids of Africa
Arachnids of Asia
Harvestman families
{{Opiliones-stub