Trogulidae is a family of

harvestmen The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an Order (biology), order of arachnids, Common name, colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs (see below). , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered w ...

comprising 65 extant species (plus 1 extinct) in five genera. Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22 mm. In most genera, the body is somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood which hides their short

chelicerae The chelicerae () are the arthropod mouthparts, mouthparts of the subphylum Chelicerata, an arthropod group that includes arachnids, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. Commonly referred to as "jaws", chelicerae may be shaped as either articulated ...

and

pedipalp Pedipalps (commonly shortened to palps or palpi) are the secondary pair of forward appendages among Chelicerata, chelicerates – a group of arthropods including spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. The pedipalps are lateral to ...

s. (2007): Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833. In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 157ff

Distribution

Members of this family occur in western and southern Europe, up to western

North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

and the

Levant The Levant ( ) is the subregion that borders the Eastern Mediterranean, Eastern Mediterranean sea to the west, and forms the core of West Asia and the political term, Middle East, ''Middle East''. In its narrowest sense, which is in use toda ...

, the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, comprising parts of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Caucasus Mountains, i ...

and northern Iran. ''

Trogulus tricarinatus ''Trogulus tricarinatus'' is a species of harvestman. It is found in Europe and North America. ''Trogulus tricarinatus'' grows to between 7 and 9mm in both sexes.Jones, Dick (1989) ''A Guide to Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe'' (revised e ...

'', a predator of terrestrial snails, has been introduced to eastern North America.

Name

The derivation of the name of the type genus, ''Trogulus'', is not fully understood. The describer Latreille wrote that he named it because it looks like a

monkshood ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolfsbane, leopard's bane, devil's helmet, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. These herbaceous perennial plants are chiefl ...

. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from the

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek (, ; ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the classical antiquity, ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Greek ...

''trogein'' "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance.

Species

The known genera and species in Trogulidae as of 2023 are: * '' Anarthrotarsus'' Šilhavý, 1967 :*'' Anarthrotarsus martensi'' Šilhavý, 1967Greece :*'' Anarthrotarsus trichasi'' Kontos & Martens, 2022Greece * '' Anelasmocephalus'' Simon, 1879 :*'' Anelasmocephalus balearicus'' Martens & Chemini, 1988Spain ( Baleares) :*'' Anelasmocephalus brignolii'' Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy (

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; ; ) is the Mediterranean islands#By area, second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the Regions of Italy, twenty regions of Italy. It is located west of the Italian Peninsula, north of Tunisia an ...

) :*'' Anelasmocephalus calcaneatus'' Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy (

Sicily Sicily (Italian language, Italian and ), officially the Sicilian Region (), is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy, regions of Italy. With 4. ...

) :*'' Anelasmocephalus cambridgei'' (Westwood, 1874)UK to

Balkans The Balkans ( , ), corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throug ...

(Europe) :*'' Anelasmocephalus cazorla'' Prieto & Las Heras, 2020Spain :*'' Anelasmocephalus crassipes'' ( H. Lucas, 1846)Algeria, Tunisia :*'' Anelasmocephalus gadirrif'' Prieto & Las Heras, 2020Spain, Morocco :*'' Anelasmocephalus hadzii'' Martens, 1978Austria, Italy, Serbia, etc

:*'' Anelasmocephalus lycosinus'' (Sørensen, 1873)Italy :*'' Anelasmocephalus ortunioi'' Prieto & Las Heras, 2020Spain :*'' Anelasmocephalus osellai'' Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy :*'' Anelasmocephalus pusillus'' Simon, 1879Italy, France (

Corsica Corsica ( , , ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the Regions of France, 18 regions of France. It is the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast of the Metro ...

) :*'' Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus'' Martens, 1978Spain :*'' Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis'' Simon, 1879Italy, France, Switzerland :*'' Anelasmocephalus tenuiglandis'' Martens & Chemini, 1988France :*'' Anelasmocephalus tuscus'' Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy * '' Calathocratus'' Simon, 1879 :*'' Calathocratus africanus'' (H. Lucas, 1846)Algeria, Tunisia, Italy :*'' Calathocratus beieri'' Gruber, 1968Turkey :*'' Calathocratus caucasicus'' (Šilhavý, 1966)Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia, Iran. :*'' Calathocratus hirsutus'' Snegovaya, 2011Russia :*'' Calathocratus intermedius'' Roewer, 1940Greece (

Crete Crete ( ; , Modern Greek, Modern: , Ancient Greek, Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the List of islands by area, 88th largest island in the world and the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, fifth la ...

) :*'' Calathocratus kyrghyzicus'' (Chemeris, 2013)Kyrgyzstan :*'' Calathocratus minutus'' Snegovaya, 2011Russia :*'' Calathocratus rhodiensis'' (Gruber, 1963)Greece (

Rhodes Rhodes (; ) is the largest of the Dodecanese islands of Greece and is their historical capital; it is the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, ninth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Administratively, the island forms a separ ...

) :*'' Calathocratus singularis'' (Roewer, 1940)Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey :*'' Calathocratus sinuosus'' (Sørensen, 1873)Italy * '' Kofiniotis'' Roewer, 1940 :*'' Kofiniotis creticus'' Roewer, 1940Greece (Crete) * '' Trogulus'' Latreille, 1802 :*'' Trogulus aquaticus''

Simon Simon may refer to: People * Simon (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name Simon * Simon (surname), including a list of people with the surname Simon * Eugène Simon, French naturalist and the genus ...

, 1879France (Corsica) :*'' Trogulus balearicus'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Spain ( Baleares) :*'' Trogulus banaticus'' Avram, 1971Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, etc. :*'' Trogulus cisalpinus'' Chemini & Martens, 1988Italy :*'' Trogulus closanicus'' Avram, 1971Romania, Germany, Bulgaria etc :*'' Trogulus coreiformis'' C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839(Unknown locality) 'Nomen dubium'' per Schönhofer 2013/small> :*'' Trogulus coriziformis'' C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 Italy (contra reports of widespread) :*'' Trogulus cristatus'' Simon, 1879France, Italy :*'' Trogulus falcipenis'' Komposch, 1999Austria, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia :*'' Trogulus graecus'' Dahl, 1903Greece, Albania, etc (

) :*'' Trogulus gypseus'' Simon, 1879

Israel Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

, Turkey, Greece. :*'' Trogulus hirtus'' Dahl, 1903 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia :*'' Trogulus huberi'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Portugal :*'' Trogulus karamanorum'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Macedonia, Albania etc (

) :*'' Trogulus lusitanicus'' Giltay, 1932 Portugal :*'' Trogulus lygaeiformis'' C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 Greece 'Nomen dubium'' per Schönhofer 2013/small> :*'' Trogulus martensi'' Chemini, 1983 Italy, France, etc :*'' Trogulus megaligrava'' Schönhofer et al., 2013Greece (

Corfu Corfu ( , ) or Kerkyra (, ) is a Greece, Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands; including its Greek islands, small satellite islands, it forms the margin of Greece's northwestern frontier. The island is part of the Corfu (regio ...

) :*'' Trogulus melitensis'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Croatia :*'' Trogulus nepaeformis'' (

Scopoli Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (sometimes Latinized as Johannes Antonius Scopolius) (3 June 1723 – 8 May 1788) was an Italian physician and naturalist. His biographer Otto Guglia named him the "first anational European" and the "Linnaeus of the Au ...

, 1763)Italy, France, etc (Southern Europe) :*'' Trogulus oltenicus'' Avram, 1971Romania :*'' Trogulus ozimeci'' Schönhofer et al., 2013Croatia :*'' Trogulus pharensis'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Croatia :*'' Trogulus prietoi'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Spain :*'' Trogulus pulverulentus'' C. L. Koch, 1856Spain 'Nomen dubium'' per Schönhofer 2013/small> :*'' Trogulus pyrenaicus'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Spain :*'' Trogulus rossicus'' Šilhavý, 1968Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia :*'' Trogulus setosissmus'' Roewer, 1940Croatia :*'' Trogulus squamatus'' C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839Montenegro, Croatia (

Dalmatia Dalmatia (; ; ) is a historical region located in modern-day Croatia and Montenegro, on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea. Through time it formed part of several historical states, most notably the Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Croatia (925 ...

) :*'' Trogulus templetonii'' Westwood, 1833Spain 'Nomen dubium'' per Schönhofer 2013/small> :*'' Trogulus tenuitarsus'' Schönhofer et al., 2013Macedonia :*'' Trogulus thaleri'' Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Croatia :*'' Trogulus tingiformis'' C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839Germany, etc (Central Europe) :*'' Trogulus torosus'' Simon, 1885Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (

) :*''

'' (

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

, 1758)Germany, etc (Widespread Western, Central Europe) :*'' Trogulus uncinatus'' Gruber, 1973Turkey See also extinct: :*†'' Trogulus longipes'' Haupt, 1956 (fossil:

Eocene The Eocene ( ) is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes ...

) Plus see unknown: * †'' Amphitrogulus'' Gourret, 1887 :*†'' Amphitrogulus sternalis'' Gourret, 1887

Distribution

Name

Species

References

Further reading