T&T Clark is a British

publishing Publishing is the activities of making information, literature, music, software, and other content, physical or digital, available to the public for sale or free of charge. Traditionally, the term publishing refers to the creation and distribu ...

firm which was founded in

Edinburgh Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. The city is located in southeast Scotland and is bounded to the north by the Firth of Forth and to the south by the Pentland Hills. Edinburgh ...

Scotland Scotland is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjac ...

, in 1821 and which now exists as an imprint of

Bloomsbury Publishing Bloomsbury Publishing plc is a British worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction. Bloomsbury's head office is located on Bedford Square in Bloomsbury, an area of the London Borough of Camden. It has a US publishing office located in ...

History

The firm was founded in 1821 by Thomas Clark, then aged 22 and who had a Free Church of Scotland background. The company was originally concerned with law and foreign literature and published under the name of "Thomas Clark". He was joined in a partnership in 1846 by his nephew, also named Thomas Clark.About T & T Clark
Continuum International Publishing Group, archive.ph. Retrieved 3 December 2022. With the arrival of younger Thomas Clark (1823-1900) the firm began issuing works under the name of "T. & T. Clark". In the 1830s, it began to develop a

theology Theology is the study of religious belief from a Religion, religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity. It is taught as an Discipline (academia), academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itse ...

list, taking a progressive

evangelical Evangelicalism (), also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide, interdenominational movement within Protestantism, Protestant Christianity that emphasizes evangelism, or the preaching and spreading of th ...

stance and at times, publishing books that were not likely to make a profit. It published work by scholars in both Europe and North America. Its most substantial projects were the English translation of the ''

Ante-Nicene Fathers The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, Christian Fathers, or Fathers of the Church were ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers who established the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of Christianity. The historical per ...

'' (which the firm titled ''Ante-Nicene Christian Library'') and the ''

Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics An encyclopedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge, either general or special, in a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are arranged alphabetically by artic ...

''. These were only viable because of the existence of a large American market; however, in the 1880s the firm got into a dispute with the Fleming H. Revell Company, over the American firm's copyright violation of some of T&T Clark's titles. The ''Ante-Nicene Library'' was bootlegged by the Christian Literature Publishing Company, based in

New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York New York may also refer to: Places United Kingdom * ...

. However, this did not prevent T&T Clark from doing business with them.''The T. & T. Clark Story: A Victorian Publisher and the New Theology : with an Epilogue Covering the Twentieth-century History of the Firm'', Edinburgh: Pentland Press, 1992, p. 108ff. In 1965, the company began to publish '' Concilium'', an

academic journal An academic journal (or scholarly journal or scientific journal) is a periodical publication in which Scholarly method, scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. They serve as permanent and transparent forums for the ...

Roman Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institut ...

theology. In 2003, the three religious academic imprints of Sheffield Academic Press, Trinity Press International and T&T Clark were all acquired by the

Continuum International Publishing Group Continuum International Publishing Group was an academic publisher of books with editorial offices in London and New York City. It was purchased by Nova Capital Management in 2005. In July 2011, it was taken over by Bloomsbury Publishing. , all n ...

, which itself was acquired by

in 2011.

Reference works

''Each of the following four works was edited by

James Hastings James Hastings (26 March 1852 – 15 October 1922) was a Scottish United Free Church minister and biblical scholar. He is best known for producing major reference works, including a 5-volume '' Dictionary of the Bible'' and a 13-volume '' Enc ...

'' * '' Dictionary of the Bible'', (1898–1904), 5 vols. * ''

'', (1908–1926; 2nd edition 1925–1940, reprint 1955), 13 vols. * ''The Great Texts of the Bible'', (1910–1915), 20 vols. * ''The Greater Men and Women of the Bible'', (1913–1916), 6 vols.

History

Reference works

Book series

See also

References

Further reading