Trigonochlamydidae is a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of air-breathing land

slug Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less Terrestrial mollusc, terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced ...

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth, as opposed to extraterrestrial. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on o ...

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s in the clade

Eupulmonata Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing gastropod molluscs. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are intertidal or inhabit coastal saltmarshes and mangroves. Possible synapomorphy of the group are gl ...

(according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Distribution

The native distribution of Trigonochlamydidae includes

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, comprising parts of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Caucasus Mountains, i ...

,"Family summary for Trigonochlamydidae".

AnimalBase AnimalBase is a project brought to life in 2004 and is maintained by the University of Göttingen, Germany. The goal of the AnimalBase project is to digitize early zoological literature, provide copyright-free open access to zoological works, and p ...

, last modified 26 August 2005, accessed 1 September 2010.

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

and

Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

Taxonomy

Previously, Trigonochlamydidae was placed in the superfamily

Trigonochlamydoidea Trigonochlamydidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), taxonomy of the Ga ...

Hesse, 1882, in the subinfraorder

Sigmurethra Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs. The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a long ...

. This was the only family within that superfamily. The family Trigonochlamydidae is now classified within the

limacoid clade The Limacoidei is a taxonomic infraorder of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the suborder Helicina. Distribution The original ancestral area of limacoid families is thought to be ...

, which itself belongs to the

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

Stylommatophora Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of ...

, within the clade

(according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The following two

subfamilies In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zool ...

have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005): * subfamily Trigonochlamydinae Hesse, 1882 – synonyms: Selenochlamydinae I. M. Likharev & Wiktor, 1980 * subfamily Parmacellillinae Hesse, 1926

Genera

There are nine genera in the family Trigonochlamydidae with a total of 11 species: Subfamily Trigonochlamydinae * '' Boreolestes'' Schileyko & Kijashko, 1999 ** '' Boreolestes likharevi'' Schileyko & Kijashko, 1999 – type speciesKantor Yu I., Vinarski M. V., Schileyko A. A. & Sysoev A. V.(published online on 22 December 2009). "Catalogue of the continental mollusks of Russia and adjacent territories"
Version 2.3.
/ref> ** '' Boreolestes sylvestris'' Kijashko in Schileyko & Kijashko, 1999 * '' Drilolestes'' Lindholm, 1925 – with only one species ''

Drilolestes retowskii ''Drilolestes retowskii'' is a species of predatory air-breathing land slug. It is a shell-less pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Trigonochlamydidae. ''Drilolestes retowskii'' is the only species in the genus ''Drilolestes''. The generi ...

'' (O. Boettger, 1884) * '' Hyrcanolestes'' Simroth, 1901 – with only one species ''

Hyrcanolestes velitaris ''Hyrcanolestes'' is a monotypic genus containing the single species ''Hyrcanolestes velitaris'', a predatory air-breathing land slug. It is a shell-less pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Trigonochlamydidae.Kantor Yu I., Vinarski M. V., ...

'' (Martens, 1880) * '' Khostalestes'' Suvorov, 2003Suvorov A. N. (2003). "A new species and genus of carnivorous slugs (Pulmonata Trigonochlamydidae) from West Transcaucasia". ''Ruthenica'' 13: 149–152
abstract
– with only one species '' Khostalestes kochetkovi'' Suvorov, 2003 * '' Lesticulus'' Schileyko, 1988 – with only one species ''

Lesticulus nocturnus ''Lesticulus nocturnus'' is a species of predatory air-breathing land slug. It is a shell-less pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Trigonochlamydidae.Kantor Yu I., Vinarski M. V., Schileyko A. A. & Sysoev A. V. (published online on 22 Dec ...

'' Schileyko, 1988 * '' Trigonochlamys'' O. Boettger, 1881 – type genus of the family Trigonochlamydidae, with only one species '' Trigonochlamys imitatrix'' O. Boettger, 1881 * '' Troglolestes'' Ljovushkin & Matiokin, 1965 – with only one species '' Troglolestes sokolovi'' Liovushkin & Matiokin, 1965 Subfamily Parmacellillinae * '' Parmacellilla'' Simroth, 1910 – type genus of the subfamily Parmacellillinae, with only one species '' Parmacellilla filipowitschi'' Simroth, 1910 Synonym: * ''Pseudomilax'' O. Boettger, 1881 is a synonym for various genera in Trigonochlamydidae. ''

Selenochlamys ''Selenochlamys'' is a genus of predatory air-breathing land slugs, shell-less pulmonate gastropod molluscs. When described it was supposed to be in the family Trigonochlamydidae, but DNA evidence has shown it to be in the Oxychilidae instead. S ...

'' O. Boettger, 1883 has been removed from the Trigonochlamydidae to the

Oxychilidae Oxychilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea. Distribution The distribution of Oxychilidae includes the Nearctic, western-Palearctic, eastern-Pale ...

based on DNA evidence.

Cladogram

The following

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ...

shows the

phylogenic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical data ...

relationships of this family with the other families in the

:Hausdorf B. (March 2000). "Biogeography of the Limacoidea sensu lato (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): Vicariance Events and Long-Distance Dispersal". ''

Journal of Biogeography The ''Journal of Biogeography'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1974. It covers aspects of spatial, ecological, and historical biogeography. The founding editor-in-chief was David Watts, followed by John Flen ...

'' 27(2): 379–390.
JSTOR

References

{{Authority control Gastropod families