
The trifluoromethyl group is a
functional group
In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions regardless of the res ...
that has the
formula -CF
3. The naming of is group is derived from the
methyl group (which has the formula -CH
3), by replacing each
hydrogen
Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula . It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic ...
atom by a
fluorine atom. Some common examples are
trifluoromethane
Trifluoromethane or fluoroform is the chemical compound with the formula CHF3. It is one of the " haloforms", a class of compounds with the formula CHX3 (X = halogen) with C3v symmetry. Fluoroform is used in diverse applications in organic sy ...
H–,
1,1,1-trifluoroethane
1,1,1-Trifluoroethane, or R-143a or simply trifluoroethane, is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) compound that is a colorless gas. It should not be confused with the much more commonly used HFC gas R-134a, nor confused with the isomeric compound 1,1,2-tr ...
–, and
hexafluoroacetone –CO–. Compounds with this group are a subclass of the
organofluorine
Organofluorine chemistry describes the chemistry of the organofluorines, organic compounds that contain the carbon–fluorine bond. Organofluorine compounds find diverse applications ranging from oil and water repellents to pharmaceuticals, refr ...
s.
Properties
The trifluoromethyl group has a significant
electronegativity
Electronegativity, symbolized as , is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the ...
that is often described as being intermediate between the electronegativities of fluorine and chlorine. For this reason, trifluoromethyl-substituted compounds are often strong acids, such as
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
Triflic acid, the short name for trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, TFMS, TFSA, HOTf or TfOH, is a sulfonic acid with the chemical formula CF3SO3H. It is one of the strongest known acids. Triflic acid is mainly used in research as a catalyst for est ...
and
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CF3CO2H. It is a structural analogue of acetic acid with all three of the acetyl group's hydrogen atoms replaced by fluorine atoms and is a colorless liquid with ...
. Conversely, the trifluoromethyl group lowers the basicity of compounds like
trifluoroethanol
2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol is the organic compound with the formula CF3CH2OH. Also known as TFE or trifluoroethyl alcohol, this colourless, water-miscible liquid has a smell reminiscent of ethanol. Due to the electronegativity of the trifluorometh ...
.
Uses
The trifluoromethyl group occurs in certain pharmaceuticals, drugs, and
abiotically synthesized natural
fluorocarbon
Fluorocarbons are chemical compounds with carbon-fluorine bonds. Compounds that contain many C-F bonds often has distinctive properties, e.g., enhanced stability, volatility, and hydrophobicity. Fluorocarbons and their derivatives are commerci ...
based compounds. The medicinal use of the trifloromethyl group dates from 1928, although research became more intense in the mid-1940s. The trifluoromethyl group is often used as a
bioisostere
In medicinal chemistry, bioisosteres are chemical substituents or groups with similar physical or chemical properties which produce broadly similar biological properties to another chemical compound. In drug design, the purpose of exchanging one bi ...
to create derivatives by replacing a chloride or a methyl group. This can be used to adjust the steric and electronic properties of a
lead compound
A lead compound (, i.e. a "leading" compound, not to be confused with various compounds of the metallic element lead) in drug discovery is a chemical compound that has pharmacological or biological activity likely to be therapeutically useful, but ...
, or to protect a reactive methyl group from metabolic oxidation. Some notable drugs containing trifluoromethyl groups include
efavirenz
Efavirenz (EFV), sold under the brand names Sustiva among others, is an antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS. It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals. It may be used for prevention after a needle ...
(Sustiva), an HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine, sold under the brand names Prozac and Sarafem, among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorde ...
(Prozac), an antidepressant; and
celecoxib
Celecoxib, sold under the brand name Celebrex among others, is a COX-2 inhibitor and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is used to treat the pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, acute pain in adults, rheumatoid arthritis, ...
(Celebrex), a
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are members of a therapeutic drug class which reduces pain, decreases inflammation, decreases fever, and prevents blood clots. Side effects depend on the specific drug, its dose and duration of ...
.
Sulfoxaflor is used as a systemic insecticide.
The trifluoromethyl group can also be added to change the solubility of molecules containing other groups of interest.
Synthesis
Various methods exist to introduce this functionality.
Carboxylic acids
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group () attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is or , with R referring to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other group. Carboxyl ...
can be converted to trifluoromethyl groups by treatment with
sulfur tetrafluoride
Sulfur tetrafluoride is the chemical compound with the formula S F4. It is a colorless corrosive gas that releases dangerous HF upon exposure to water or moisture. Despite these unwelcome characteristics, this compound is a useful reagent for ...
and trihalomethyl compounds, particularly trifluoromethyl ethers and trifluoromethyl aromatics, are converted into trifluoromethyl compounds by treatment with
antimony trifluoride
Antimony trifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula SbF3. Sometimes called Swarts' reagent, is one of two principal fluorides of antimony, the other being SbF5. It appears as a white solid. As well as some industrial applications, i ...
/
antimony pentachloride
Antimony pentachloride is a chemical compound with the formula SbCl5. It is a colourless oil, but typical samples are yellowish due to dissolved chlorine. Owing to its tendency to hydrolyse to hydrochloric acid, SbCl5 is a highly corrosive subst ...
(the
Swarts reaction
Swarts fluorination is a process whereby the chlorine atoms in a compound – generally an organic compound, but experiments have been performed using silanes – are replaced with fluorine
Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and ...
). Another route to trifluoromethyl aromatics is the reaction of aryl iodides with
trifluoromethyl copper. Finally, trifluoromethyl carbonyls can be prepared by reaction of
aldehydes
In organic chemistry, an aldehyde () is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure . The functional group itself (without the "R" side chain) can be referred to as an aldehyde but can also be classified as a formyl grou ...
and
esters
In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one hydroxyl group () is replaced by an alkoxy group (), as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides are ...
with
Ruppert's reagent
Trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (known as Ruppert-Prakash reagent, TMSCF3) is an organosilicon compound with the formula CF3Si(CH3)3. It is a colorless liquid. The compound is a reagent used in organic chemistry for the introduction of the triflu ...
.
[{{cite book , editor1=G.A. Olah , editor2=R.D. Chambers , editor3=G.K.S. Prakash , title = Synthetic fluorine chemistry , publisher = John Wiley , year = 1992 , isbn = 0-471-54370-5]
See also
*
Trifluromethyl cation
*
Trichloromethyl group
*
Trifluoromethoxy group
*
Fluoroethyl
Fluoroethyl is an organofluorine functional group in chemistry. Its formula is .
See also
* Trifluoromethyl
The trifluoromethyl group is a functional group that has the formula -CF3. The naming of is group is derived from the methyl group (which ...
References
Haloalkyl groups
Functional groups