Trichodoridae (stubby-root nematodes, trichodorids) is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

of terrestrial root feeding nematodes, being one of two that constitute

suborder Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ...

Triplonchida Triplonchida is an order of terrestrial nematodes, and is one of two orders making up the subclass Enoplia.Phylum Nematoda: Triplochida
Nematode Classification. Department of Nematology. University of California, Riverside.
Nemaplex: Nematode-Plant Expert Information System. University of California, Davis. Version October 9, 2012. They are economically important plant parasites and virus vectors.

Taxonomy

The first trichodorid was described in 1880 (De Man) as ''Dorylaimus primitivus'', and the type genus, ''Trichodorus'' described in 1913 by Cobb, based on '' Trichodorus obtusus''.

Subdivision

Historically, up to 1973, '' Trichodorus'' was the only genus in this family. Originally it was the only genus in a subfamily, the Trichodorinae Thorne 1935, within the family Diphtherophoridae, to distinguish it from the other subfamily, Diphtherophorinae. However Diphtherophoridae was elevated to superfamily rank, and the subfamily Trichodorinae became a full-fledged family. The genus ''Trichodorus'' was split into two genera in 1974 by Siddiqi, ''Trichodorus'' and '' Paratrichodorus''. This was based on the position of the gland nuclei and the type of pharyngo-intestinal junction. Siddiqi also used these criteria to divide ''Paratrichodirus'' into three subgenera, ''Paratrichodorus'', ''Atlantadorus'' and ''Nanidorus''. Rodriguez-Montessorosoon proposed further separating these genera into two subfamilies, resurrecting the name Trichodorinae. With Siddiqi's subgenera not accepted by all authorities, his elevation of these subgenera to genus level in 1980 was followed by even fewer, but now is finding supports in

molecular systematics Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

Phylogenetics

In the case of ''Nanidorus'',

phylogenetic analysis In biology Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that pro ...

has supported its recognition as a separate genus, although clustering with ''Trichodorus'' rather than its parent ''Paratrichodorus''.

Genera

There were few species recognised before the economic importance of the family was recognised, and in 1957 there were only 12, but this increased rapidly. In addition further genera than the original ''Trichodorus'' (1913) and ''Paratrichodorus'' (1974) were created in the 1970s, and another genus in 2002. There are now about 100 species divided into five to six genera. Duarte et al. (2010) list 102 species. *'' Allotrichodorus'' Rodriguez-M, Sher and Siddiqi, 1978 (6 species) *'' Ecuadorus'' Siddiqi, 2002 (2 species) *'' Monotrichodorus'' Andrassy, 1976 (4 species) *'' Nanidorus'' Siddiqi, 1974 *'' Paratrichodorus'' Siddiqi, 1974 (34 species) *'' Trichodorus'' Cobb, 1913 (54 species) The two largest genera have didelphic females (two genital tracts), and are distributed worldwide. In the contrast the three small genera, have females that are monodelphic-prodelphic (single tract) and are native to Central America and the northern part of South America.

Etymology

Trichodoridae comes from the Greek trichos (a hair) and dory (a spear). The name "stubby-root" comes from the effect of the nematodes on the root system which appears "stubby" or stunted.

Plant pathology

The family only became of interest in 1951. At that time ''Trichodorus christie'' (='' Paratrichodorus minor'') was recognised as a pest of crops (beets and corn) in Florida. In 1961 it was discovered that they were also virus vectors,SOL, H. H. & SEINHORST, J. W. (1961). The transmission of rattle virus by Trichodorus pachydermus. Tijdschr. PlZiekt. 67, 307-311 though this seems to be mainly the didelphic genera.

References

Bibliography

Books

* *
DECRAEMER, W. & BAUJARD, P., 1998. Additions and corrections to: Decraemer: The Family Trichodoridae. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 21 (2): 207-212.
* * *

Articles

* *De Ley, P & Blaxter, M 2004, 'A new system for Nematoda: combining morphological characters with molecular trees, and translating clades into ranks and taxa'. in R Cook & DJ Hunt (eds), Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. vol. 2, E.J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 633–653. * * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q5270505 Enoplia