Trente Et Quarante
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("thirty and forty"), also called ("red and black"), is a 17th-century
gambling Gambling (also known as betting or gaming) is the wagering of something of Value (economics), value ("the stakes") on a Event (probability theory), random event with the intent of winning something else of value, where instances of strategy (ga ...
card game A card game is any game that uses playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, whether the cards are of a traditional design or specifically created for the game (proprietary). Countless card games exist, including famil ...
of
French French may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France ** French people, a nation and ethnic group ** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices Arts and media * The French (band), ...
origin played with cards and a special table. It is rarely found in US casinos, but still very popular in
Continental Europe Continental Europe or mainland Europe is the contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands. It can also be referred to ambiguously as the European continent, – which can conversely mean the whole of Europe – and, by som ...
an
casino A casino is a facility for gambling. Casinos are often built near or combined with hotels, resorts, restaurants, retail shops, cruise ships, and other tourist attractions. Some casinos also host live entertainment, such as stand-up comedy, conce ...
s, especially in France,
Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...
, and
Monaco Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a Sovereign state, sovereign city-state and European microstates, microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Regions of Italy, Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe, ...
. It is a simple game that usually gives the players a very good expected return of more than 98%.


History

is recorded as early as 1694 in a French dictionary that simply says it is a "type of card game". By the mid-18th century it had reached England, Lyonell Vane recording that he played it alongside
quadrille The quadrille is a dance that was fashionable in late 18th- and 19th-century Europe and its colonies. The quadrille consists of a chain of four to six ''Contra dance, contredanses''. Latterly the quadrille was frequently danced to a medley of ope ...
and
basset Bassets are a sub-type of scenthound deliberately bred with short legs, that are used for hunting where the hunters accompany the hunting hounds on foot. History Bassets were originally developed in France from where they spread throughout Europe ...
, and its rules are recorded in an English Hoyle in 1796. The game also reached Germany and was played in 18th-century
Holstein Holstein (; ; ; ; ) is the region between the rivers Elbe and Eider (river), Eider. It is the southern half of Schleswig-Holstein, the northernmost States of Germany, state of Germany. Holstein once existed as the German County of Holstein (; 8 ...
in northern Germany under the
Low German Low German is a West Germanic languages, West Germanic language variety, language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands. The dialect of Plautdietsch is also spoken in the Russian Mennonite diaspora worldwide. "Low" ...
dialect name of ('through the dog'), because, having been introduced by French migrants, many inexperienced players "went to the dogs" i.e. were ruined by playing it.


Rules

Two
croupier A croupier or dealer is someone appointed at a gambling table to assist in the conduct of the game, especially in the distribution of bets and payouts. Croupiers are typically employed by casinos. Origin of the word Originally a "croupier" mean ...
s sit on each side of the table, one of them being the
dealer Dealer may refer to: Film and TV * ''Dealers'' (film), a 1989 British film * ''Dealers'' (TV series), a reality television series where five art and antique dealers bid on items * ''The Dealer'' (film), filmed in 2008 and released in 2010 * ...
; behind the two on the side opposite to the dealer a supervisor of the game has his seat. Six packs of fifty-two cards each are used; these are well
shuffled Shuffling is a technique used to randomize a deck of playing cards, introducing an element of chance into card games. Various shuffling methods exist, each with its own characteristics and potential for manipulation. One of the simplest shuff ...
, and the croupier asks any of the players to cut, handing him a blank card with which to divide the mixed packs. The game consists of the dealer dealing two rows of cards face up, the first (upper) row called noir and the second (lower) row called rouge. There are only four bets in : rouge and noir, known as the , and couleur and inverse, known as the .Chisholm (1911), p. 251. Rouge and noir bets are concerned with which row wins, and the couleur and inverse bets with whether the first card in the winning row is the same (couleur) or opposite (inverse) to the color of the row. Aces are worth one point, court cards ten, and pip cards their face value. A tie is a stand-off, and on a 31-point tie, players may double or quit on the next coup or immediately lose half their stake. The winning total will range between 30 and 40 card points, which is from where the name of the game derives.


Winning row

Cards for each row are dealt until its total exceeds thirty (). The row whose total is closest to thirty is the winning row. If, for example, the cards dealt in the first row were 8, 7, K, and 9 and those in the second row were A, 2, J, Q, and 10 the noir total would be 34 and the rouge total would be 33, so that rouge would win. If the color of the first card in the rouge row also were red (in this example an ace of diamonds or hearts), the couleur bet also would win and the dealer will announce "." However, if the first card dealt were black (an ace of clubs or spades), the dealer announces "." Indeed the dealer always announces, in French, the winning or losing of rouge and colour, as follows: * ('rouge and colour win'); * ('rouge and inverse win'); * ('noir and colour win'); * ('noir and inverse win'). It frequently happens that both rows of cards when added together give the same number. Should they both, for instance, add up to thirty-three, the dealer will announce "", and the deal goes for nothing except in the event of their adding up to thirty-one.Jean Boussac
''The Trente-et-Quarante or the Red and Black''
Paris, 1896. Transl. from French, 2017.


(i.e. thirty-one) is known as a ; the stakes are put in prison to be left for the decision of the next deal, or if the player prefers it he can withdraw half his stake, leaving the other half for the bank. Assurance against a can be made by paying 1% on the value of the stake with a minimum of five francs. When thus insured against a the player is at liberty to withdraw his whole stake. It has been calculated that on an average a occurs once in thirty-eight coups. are the source of the sole
house advantage A casino game is one in which players gambling, gamble cash or casino token, chips on various possible random outcomes or combinations of outcomes, often in a casino environment. Such games are also available in online casinos, where permitted b ...
in the game. After each deal the cards are pushed into a metal
bowl A bowl is a typically round dish or container generally used for preparing, serving, storing, or consuming food. The interior of a bowl is characteristically shaped like a spherical cap, with the edges and the bottom, forming a seamless curve ...
let into the table in front of the dealer. When he has not enough left to complete the two rows, he remarks "" ('the cards pass'); they are taken from the bowl, reshuffled, and another deal begins.


References

*


Bibliography

* _ (1694). ''Le Dictionnaire de L'Académie Françoise''. Vol. 2 (M–Z). Paris: Coignard. * Chisholm, Hugh (1911). ''The Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 27. Encyclopædia Britannica Company. * Jones, Charles (1796)
''Hoyle's Games Improved''
London: Baldwin et al. * Lehmann, Th. and Dr Handelmann (1858)
''Jahrbücher für die Landeskunde''
Volume 12. Kiel: Akademische Buchhandlung. * Schick, Louis (1864)
''Elemental Instruction to Play Trente-et-quarante and Roulette''
Homburg: Louis Schick. * Schütze, Johann Friedrich (1800)
''Holsteinisches Idiotikon''.
Hamburg: Heinrich Ludwig Villaume. * Vane, Lyonell (1754)
''Letters to a Gentleman of Fortune, Relating to His Conduct in Life''
London: Owen. {{Banking games 17th-century gambling games Banking games French gambling games