Treasure Planet

''Treasure Planet'' is a 2002 American animated science fiction adventure film directed by John Musker and Ron Clements and written by Musker, Clements and Rob Edwards. Produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, it is a science fiction adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's novel ''Treasure Island'' (1883) and the third Disney adaptation of the novel, following ''Treasure Island'' (1950) and ''Muppet Treasure Island'' (1996). In the film's setting, spaceships are powered by solar sails and resemble the 18th-century sailing vessels of the original ''Treasure Island''. It stars the voices of Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Brian Murray, David Hyde Pierce, Martin Short, Roscoe Lee Browne, Emma Thompson, Michael Wincott, Laurie Metcalf, and Patrick McGoohan in his final feature role. The musical score was composed by James Newton Howard, with songs written and performed by John Rzeznik.

Clements and Musker pitched the concept for the film during production of ''The Little Mermaid'' (1989). Development began after they finished their work on ''Hercules'' (1997). It employs a novel technique of hand-drawn 2D traditional animation set atop 3D computer animation. With a budget of $140 million, it is the most expensive traditionally animated film to date.

''Treasure Planet'' premiered in Paris, France on November 6, 2002, and received a wide theatrical release on November 27. It was the first film to be released simultaneously in regular and IMAX theaters. The film was a box-office failure, earning $109 million worldwide against a budget of $140 million. It received generally positive reviews from critics and was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 75th Academy Awards. The film has since gained a cult following.

Plot

On the planet of Montressor, Jim Hawkins runs an inn along with his mother, Sarah. One day, Billy Bones crashes his spaceship and gives Jim a sphere and warns him to "beware the cyborg Captain Flint hid his treasure years ago.

To help Jim search for the treasure, Doppler commissions the ship ''RLS Legacy'', commanded by feline Captain Amelia and stone-skinned first mate Mr. Arrow. The ship's motley crew seem to be heavily influenced by cook John Silver, whom Jim suspects is the cyborg Bones warned him about. Under the supervision of Silver and his shape-shifting pet Morph, Jim works in the ship's galley, and he and Silver form a tenuous father-son relationship. When the ship encounters a supernova devolving into a black hole, Jim secures the crew's lifelines. A ruthless arachnid crew member named Scroop secretly cuts Arrow's lifeline, sending him into the black hole. As the ''Legacy'' escapes the shockwaves, Scroop blames an improperly secured lifeline for Arrow's death. Silver, realizing the truth, comforts Jim.

After reaching Treasure Planet, Jim discovers that the crew are pirates led by Silver, and a mutiny erupts. As Doppler, Amelia, and Morph flee in a lifeboat, Jim retrieves the map. Silver, who cannot bring himself to shoot Jim, allows him to escape with the others. Another pirate shoots down the lifeboat, injuring Amelia.

Jim discovers that the "map" is Morph in disguise, with the real map still on the ship. The four meet B.E.N., a navigational robot who once belonged to Flint and is now missing his primary memory circuit. Jim, Morph, and B.E.N. secretly return to the ''Legacy'' and retrieve the map. Scroop fights them, but B.E.N. inadvertently disables the artificial gravity, allowing Jim to kick Scroop overboard into deep space.

Jim's group, upon returning to camp, finds the pirates holding Amelia and Doppler hostage. Silver forces Jim to use the map, which directs them to the huge portal that Flint used to conduct his raids. Its holographic controls allow it to open to any location in the known universe. Jim, realizing that Treasure Planet is actually a giant piece of machinery with the treasure sealed inside its core, directs the portal to open to the planet's treasure room. While the pirates enter and begin collecting the loot, Jim finds the skeleton of Flint, holding B.E.N.'s missing circuit in its hand. After Jim re-installs the circuit, B.E.N. remembers that Flint rigged the planet to self-destruct if anyone entered the treasure chamber. The planet begins collapsing; Silver attempts to escape with a boatload of treasure, but abandons it to save Jim. The survivors board the ''Legacy'', which becomes damaged and unable to go fast enough to escape the planet's impending destruction. Jim rigs a makeshift sailboard and rides ahead, setting the portal to Montressor Spaceport, and Doppler steers the ''Legacy'' through the portal to safety.

Jim finds Silver below decks and allows him to escape. As a farewell gift, Silver gives Jim Morph and a handful of treasure he had salvaged from Flint's hoard. Back on Montressor, Jim uses the treasure to help Sarah rebuild their inn, with B.E.N. becoming a waiter. Doppler and Amelia marry and have children together, and Jim, having matured under Silver's mentorship, accepts Amelia's offer to become a cadet at the Interstellar Academy.

Voice cast

* Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Jim Hawkins, an adolescent adventurer.
* Brian Murray as John Silver, a cyborg bear-like alien who leads the mutiny on the RLS ''Legacy''.
* David Hyde Pierce as Dr. Delbert Doppler, a canine astronomer. He is a combination of Dr. Livesey and Squire Trelawney from ''Treasure Island''.
* Emma Thompson as Captain Amelia, the feline captain of the RLS ''Legacy''. She is an analog to Captain Alexander Smollett in ''Treasure Island''.
* Martin Short as Bio-Electronic Navigator (B.E.N.), an alien robot who has lost his memory and was abandoned on Treasure Planet by Captain Flint. His name is a reference to ''Treasure Island''s Ben Gunn, on whom he is based.
* Roscoe Lee Browne as Mr. Arrow, Captain Amelia's first mate.
* Laurie Metcalf as Sarah Hawkins, Jim Hawkins' mother who runs the Benbow Inn.
* Dane Davis as Morph, a small pink alien that can morph into any form. He is comparable to the pet parrot owned by Silver in the original ''Treasure Island''.
* Michael Wincott as Scroop, a vicious spider-like crewman on the RLS ''Legacy''. He is a rough analog to Israel Hands in ''Treasure Island''.
* Patrick McGoohan as Billy Bones, a sailor who owned the map to Treasure Planet.

The film also features a cast including Tony Jay as the narrator, Austin Majors as Jim's younger self, and Jane Carr as Benbow Inn costumer Mrs. Dunwitty. The RLS ''Legacy'' crew also includes Corey Burton as Onus and Mike McShane as Hands.

Production

Development

''Treasure Planet'' took roughly four and a half years to create, but the concept (which was called ''Treasure Island in Space'' at the time) was originally pitched by Ron Clements in 1985 at the "Gong Show" meeting wherein he and John Musker also pitched ''The Little Mermaid''. The pitch was rejected by Michael Eisner, who knew Paramount Pictures was developing a ''Star Trek'' sequel with a ''Treasure Island'' angle (which eventually went unproduced). The idea was pitched again in 1989 following the release of ''The Little Mermaid'', but the studio still expressed a lack of interest. Following the release of ''Aladdin'', the idea was pitched for a third time, but Jeffrey Katzenberg, who was the chief of Walt Disney Studios at the time, "just wasn't interested" in the idea. During this time Katzenberg wanted the duo to work on '' A Princess of Mars'' which the company was attempting to adapt. Angered at the rejection, Clements and Musker approached Feature Animation chairman Roy E. Disney who backed the filmmakers and made his wishes known to Eisner, who in turn agreed that the studio should produce the movie. In 1995, their contract was re-negotiated to allow them to commence development on ''Treasure Planet'' when ''Hercules'' reached completion.

Since Musker and Clements wanted to be able to move "the camera around a lot like Steven Spielberg or James Cameron," the delay in production was beneficial since "the technology had time to develop in terms of really moving the camera." Principal animation for the film began in 2000 with roughly 350 crew members working on it. In 2002, Roy Conli estimated that there were around 1,027 crew members listed in the screen credits with "about four hundred artists and computer artists, about a hundred and fifty musicians and another two hundred technologists". According to Conli, Clements wanted to create a space world that was "warm and had more life to it than you would normally think of in a science fiction film", as opposed to the "stainless steel, blue, smoke coming from the bowels of heavily pipe laden" treatment of science fiction. In order to make the film "fun" by creating more exciting action sequences and because they believed that having the characters wear space suits and helmets "would take all the romance out of it", the crew created the concept of the "Etherium", an "outer space filled with atmosphere" and the characters wear 18 century clothing much like in the original Treasure Island.

Several changes were made late in the production to the film. The prologue of the film originally featured an adult Jim Hawkins narrating the story of Captain Flint in first person, but the crew considered it too "dark" and felt that it lacked character involvement, so it was changed and instead narrated by Tony Jay. The crew also intended for the film to include a sequence showing Jim working on his solar surfer and interacting with an alien child, which was intended to show Jim's more sensitive side and as homage to ''The Catcher in the Rye''. Because of the intention to begin the film with a scene of Jim solar surfing, the sequence had to be cut.

Writing

Writer Rob Edwards stated that "it was extremely challenging" to take a classic novel and set it in outer space, and that they did away with some of the science fiction elements ("things like the metal space ships and the coldness") early on. Edwards goes on to say that they "did a lot of things to make the film more modern" and that the idea behind setting the film in outer space was to "make the story as exciting for kids now as the book was for kids then".

With regard to adapting the characters from the book to film, Ron Clements mentioned that the Jim Hawkins in the book is "a very smart, very capable kid", but they wanted to make Jim start out as "a little troubled kid" who "doesn't really know who he is" while retaining the aforementioned characteristics from the original character. This change was made after Joe Ranft suggested the idea. The "mentor figures" for Jim Hawkins in the novel were Squire Trelawney and Dr. Livesey, whom John Musker described as "one is more comic and the other's very straight"; these two characters were fused into Dr. Doppler. Clements also mentions that though the father-son relationship between Jim Hawkins and John Silver was present "to some degree" in the book, they wanted to emphasize it more in the film.

Terry Rossio, who worked on the script, later argued the filmmakers made a crucial mistake turning Jim Hawkins into an adolescent. "''Treasure Island'', the book, is a boy's adventure, about a young cabin boy who matches wits with a crew of bloodthirsty pirates. All of the key scenes are made more dramatic by the fact that it's a young kid who is in danger... ''Treasure Planet'' made the kid into a young man. Which dilutes the drama of all the situations, start to finish... Instead of being an amazing and impressive kid, he became a petulant unimpressive teen."

Casting

Casting director Ruth Lambert held a series of casting auditions for the film in New York, Los Angeles, and London, but the crew already had some actors in mind for two of the major characters. The character of Dr. Doppler was written with David Hyde Pierce in mind, and Pierce was given a copy of the ''Treasure Planet'' script along with preliminary sketches of the character and the film's scenic elements while he was working on Pixar's ''A Bug's Life'' (1998). He stated that "the script was fantastic, the look was so compelling" that he accepted the role. Jeff Goldblum and Hugh Grant were also considered before Pierce secured the part. Likewise, the character of Captain Amelia was developed with the idea that Emma Thompson would be providing her voice. "We offered it to her and she was really excited," Clements said. Musker said, "This is the first action adventure character that Emma has ever played and she was pregnant during several of the sessions. She was happy that she could do all this action and not have to train for the part" There were no actors initially in mind for the characters of John Silver and Jim Hawkins; Brian Murray (John Silver) and Joseph Gordon-Levitt (Jim Hawkins) were signed after months of auditions. Gordon-Levitt stated that he was attracted to the role because "it's a Disney animated movie and Disney animated movies are in a class by themselves," and that "to be part of that tradition is unbelievable to me". Musker mentioned that Gordon-Levitt "combined enough vulnerability and intelligence and a combination of youthfulness but incompleteness" and that they liked his approach. Patrick McGoohan was cast as Billy Bones at the suggestion of Corey Burton who played the smaller role of Onus in the film after having done an impression of him for a temp track. It marked the last and posthumous film of his career.

Among the big-name actors, only Pierce and Short had experience with voice acting prior to the making of ''Treasure Planet''. Conli explained that they were looking for "really the natural voice of the actor", and that sometimes it was better to have an actor with no experience with voice work as he utilizes his natural voice instead of "affecting a voice". The voice sessions were mostly done without any interaction with the other actors, but Gordon-Levitt expressed a desire to interact with Murray because he found it difficult to act out most of the scenes between Jim Hawkins and John Silver alone.

Design

While designing for ''Treasure Planet'', the crew operated on rule they call the "70/30 Law" (an idea that art director Andy Gaskill has credited to Ron Clements), which meant that the overall look of the film's artwork should be 70% traditional and 30% sci-fi. The overall look of ''Treasure Planet'' was based on the art style promoted by illustrators associated with the Brandywine School of Illustration (such as Howard Pyle and N.C. Wyeth), whose illustrations have been described by the film's crew as being the "classic storybook illustration," having a painterly feel to it, and being composed of a warm color palette.

There were around forty animators on the crew, and were further divided into teams; for example, sixteen animators were assigned to Jim Hawkins because he appeared on the screen the most, and twelve were assigned to John Silver. To ensure "solidity" in illustration and personality, each major character in the film had a team of animators led by one animation supervisor. Conli mentioned that the personalities of the supervisors affected the final character, citing Glen Keane (the supervisor for John Silver) as well as John Ripa (the supervisor for Jim Hawkins) as examples. The physical appearance, movements, and facial expressions of the voice actors were infused into the characters as well.

When asked if they drew inspiration from the previous film adaptations of ''Treasure Island'' for the character designs, Glen Keane said he disliked looking at previous portrayals of a character to "clear his mind of stereotypes", but that he drew some inspiration for the manner by which Silver spoke from actor Wallace Beery, whom he "loved because of the way he talked out of the side of his mouth." For the characterization and design for Jim Hawkins, John Ripa cited James Dean as an important reference because "there was a whole attitude, a posture" wherein "you felt the pain and the youthful innocence", and he also cited the film ''Braveheart'' because "there are a lot of close-ups on characters...who are going through thought processes, just using their eyes."

Animators also used maquettes, small statues of the characters in the film, as references throughout the animation process. Character sculptor Kent Melton mentioned that the first Disney film to use maquettes was ''Pinocchio'' (1940), and that this paved the way to the formation of an entire department devoted to character sculpting. Keane noted that maquettes are not just supposed to be "like a mannequin in a store", but rather has to be "something that tells you he character'spersonality" and that maquettes also helped inspire the way actors would portray their roles.

The animators took ''Deep Canvas'', a technology which they had initially developed for ''Tarzan'' (1999), and came up with a process they called "Virtual Sets", wherein they created entire 360 degree sets before they began staging the scenes. They combined this process with traditionally-drawn characters in order to achieve a "painted image with depth perception" and enabled the crew to place the camera anywhere in the set and maneuver it as they would maneuver a camera for a live-action film. In order to test how a computer-generated body part (specifically John Silver's cyborg arm) would mesh with a traditionally animated character, the crew took a clip of Captain Hook from ''Peter Pan'' (1953) and replaced his arm with the cyborg arm.

Animation

One of the film's goals was to blend different mediums of animation into one film to have such a seamless finish to the point the viewer could not tell the difference between what was two-dimensional hand drawing or computer-generated 3D animations and environments. For the animation of the ''Treasure Planet'', there are three main elements that were essential to the production of this film. The traditional 2D character animation that Disney is known for, three-dimensional character animation, and the computer-generated or CG environments.

Music and sound

The "70/30 Law" of "70% traditional and 30% sci-fi" was not only applied to the visual designs for the film, but also for the sound effects and music. Sound designer Dane Davis mentioned that he and his team "scoured hobby shops and junk stores for antique windup toys and old spinning mechanisms" in order to create the sound effects for John Silver to "avoid sounding slick or sci-fi". The team did some experimentation with the sound used in dialogues, especially with the robot B.E.N., but opted to keep Short's natural voice because everything they tried "affected his comedy", and "the last thing you want to do in a story like this is affect performances".

The music from the film is largely orchestral in nature, although it includes two moderately successful pop singles (" I'm Still Here" and "Always Know Where You Are") from The Goo Goo Dolls frontman John Rzeznik and British pop-rock group, BBMak. Both songs were written and performed by John Rzeznik in the film, but BBMak recorded "Always Know Where You Are" for the soundtrack. The score was composed by James Newton Howard, who said that the score is "very much in the wonderful tradition of Korngold and Tiomkin and Steiner." The score has been described as a mixture of modern "classical style" music in the spirit of ''Star Wars'' and Celtic music. Scottish fiddler Alasdair Fraser is credited as the co-composer of the track "Silver Leaves", and is also listed as a soloist in the film's credits. Walt Disney Records released the film's soundtrack album on November 19, 2002. Jerry Goldsmith was also considered to compose the score.

Marketing

In April 2002, a teaser trailer for ''Treasure Planet'' was officially released online. It would then debut in theaters within the next few weeks, starting with ''Spider-Man'' on May 3, 2002, followed by '' Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones'' two weeks later. Before and during its theatrical run, ''Treasure Planet'' had promotional support from McDonald's, Pepsi-Cola, Dreyer's, and Kellogg's. McDonald's included promotional items such as action figures and puzzles in their Happy Meals and Mighty Meals, Pepsi-Cola placed promotional film graphics onto the packaging of a number of their soft drinks (Mountain Dew, Code Red, Sierra Mist, Mug Root Beer, Orange Slice, and Lipton Brisk), Dreyer's used their delivery truck panels to promote ice cream flavors inspired by the film (such as "Galactic Chocolate" and "Vanilla Treasure"), and Kellogg's included film-branded spoons in their cereal boxes.

Hasbro released a lineup of ''Treasure Planet'' action figures and toys.

A novelization was published by Puffin Books.

Release

Theatrical

''Treasure Planet'' held its world premiere in Paris, France on November 6, 2002. It premiered in the US at Cinerama Dome in Hollywood on November 17, 2002, The film is "the first major studio feature" to be released in regular and IMAX theaters simultaneously; this was done in the light of the success of Disney films that were re-released in IMAX format, such as ''Beauty and the Beast'' and ''Fantasia 2000''. Dick Cook, then-chairman of Walt Disney Studios, expressed the hope that it would be a good way to distinguish themselves during the competitive holiday season.

Home media

''Treasure Planet'' was released on VHS and DVD in the United States and Canada by Walt Disney Home Entertainment on April 29, 2003. The DVD includes behind-the-scenes featurettes, a visual commentary, deleted scenes, teaser and theatrical trailers, the music video for the song "I'm Still Here" by John Rzeznik, and a virtual tour of the RLS Legacy. This THX certified release also contains an Easter egg in the Set Up menu. The viewer can highlight any listing and press right to reveal a clapperboard. Selecting this icon will reveal the DVD credits. The DVD retained the number one spot in ''Billboard''s top sales for two weeks and the VHS was number one in sales for three weeks. By July 2003, ''Treasure Planet'' brought in $64 million in DVD sales.

It is officially the last Disney animated feature to be presented in fullscreen on its VHS release, as the VHS releases of ''Brother Bear'' (2003) and '' Home on the Range'' (2004) are presented in widescreen. However, the Disney Movie Club exclusive VHS release of '' Chicken Little'' (2005) is presented in fullscreen.

Disney released a 10th Anniversary special edition Blu-ray/DVD combo on July 3, 2012.

Reception

Box office

''Treasure Planet'' grossed over $12 million on its debut weekend, ranking at fourth place behind ''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'', James Bond's '' Die Another Day'', and Disney's own '' The Santa Clause 2''. During the five-day Thanksgiving holiday weekend, the film grossed just $16.5 million. The film ended up grossing $38.1 million domestically and $71.4 million internationally for a $109.5 million worldwide gross. Its failure became apparent early on, as Disney's Buena Vista Distribution arm reduced its fourth-quarter earnings by $47 million within a few days of the film's release. In 2014, the ''Los Angeles Times'' listed the film as one of the most expensive box office failures of all time.

Critical response

''Treasure Planet'' received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that of critics have given the film a positive review based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critics consensus states "Though its characterizations are weaker than usual, ''Treasure Planet'' offers a fast-paced, beautifully rendered vision of outer space." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 30 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Stephen Hunter of ''The Washington Post'', who gave it 4 stars out of 5, stated that the film "boasts the purest of Disney raptures: It unites the generations, rather than driving them apart". Leah Rozen of ''People'' stated that the film "has imagination, humor aplenty and moves briskly", and that "the animation, combining traditional and digital techniques, is ravishing." Claudia Puig of ''USA Today'' said that the film's most noteworthy feature is "the artful way it combines the futuristic and the retro", and went on to say that the film does not have the "charm of ''Lilo & Stitch''" nor the "dazzling artistry of ''Spirited Away