Transmongolian Railway

The Trans-Mongolian Railway (, ) connects Ulan-Ude on the Trans-Siberian Railway in Buryatia, Russia, with Ulanqab in Inner Mongolia, China, via Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. It was completed in 1956, and runs from northwest to southeast with major stations at Naushki/ Sükhbaatar on the Russian border, Darkhan, Züünkharaa, Choir, Sainshand, and Zamyn-Üüd/Erenhot on the Chinese border, where the railway changes from single-track to double-track and its gauge changes from 1,520 mm Russian gauge to 1,435 mm standard gauge. The railway also has important branch lines to Erdenet and Baganuur.

History

Railway development came late to Mongolia. In 1937, a line was built from Ulan-Ude in the Soviet Union to Naushki on the border with Mongolia. In 1939, a paved road was extended to Ulaanbaatar, the country's capital. Construction of a rail line from Naushki to Ulaanbaatar was delayed by World War II, and completed in November 1949. The Soviet Union, Mongolia, and the People's Republic of China agreed to extend the line from Ulaanbaatar to the Chinese border. In Mongolia, the railway was built by the Soviet 505th Penal Unit, made up of soldiers mainly imprisoned for surrendering during the war. The railway was opened by Inner Mongolian leader Ulanhu on 1 January 1956.

In 1958, the railway switched to diesel engines and automated switching. Branches were built to the coal mines at Sharyngol in 1963 () and at Baganuur in 1982 (), the copper mine at Erdenet in 1975 (), the fluorspar mine at Bor-Öndör in 1987 (), and the oil refinery at Züünbayan (). Modernization in the 1990s replaced some old Soviet-made locomotives with more powerful American models, and installed fiber-optic trackside cables for communications and signaling. In 2022, lines opened linking the branch at Züünbayan with Khangi on the Chinese border, and the coal mines at Tavan Tolgoi with Gashuun Sukhait on the border. A new line linking Züünbayan with Tavan Tolgoi is under construction.

Operation

The of the railway in Mongolia (as of 2017) are managed by UBTZ (the Ulaanbaatar Railway Company), a 50/50 Russian–Mongolian joint-stock company. Rail transport in Mongolia, which also includes the unconnected Choibalsan–Borzya line built in 1938–39, in 1998 carried 96 percent of the country's freight transportation and 55 percent of passenger traffic. In Mongolia it is mostly single-tracked, with some 60 stations and double-tracked passing sidings.

At Erenhot station in Inner Mongolia, the railway's Russian gauge track meets with China's standard gauge. There are trans-shipping facilities and rolling-stock equipment for bogie exchange. As of 2000, the railway had nine container terminals, the largest at Zamyn-Üüd, and UBTZ operated 60 locomotives, 300 passenger cars, and 2,400 freight wagons, including 140 container wagons. The primary international service on the railway is the China Railway K3/4 train, which began service in 1959 and connects Beijing with Moscow.

Proposed lines

A 2010 Mongolian government plan proposed of new track, for the primary purpose of connecting Dalanzadgad and Choibalsan, to be built in three stages:

* the first stage, totaling and linking Dalanzadgad– Tavan Tolgoi mine– Tsagaan Suvarga mine–Züünbayan (), Sainshand– Baruun-Urt (), Baruun-Urt– Khööt mine (), and Khööt–Choibalsan ();
* the second stage, totaling and connecting the first stage with the Chinese border, linking Nariin Sukhait mine– Shivee Khüren (), Tavan Tolgoi– Gashuun Sukhait (), Khööt– Tamsagbulag– Nömrög (), and Khööt– Bichigt (); and
* the third stage, totaling ) and not described in detail, but including a link with Tsagaannuur on the Russian border and a line from Ulaanbaatar to Kharkhorin.

In 2012, a line connecting Erdenet– Mörön– Ovoot mine– Arts Suuri on the Russian border () was approved, but never built. In 2014, it was announced that the planned Tavan Tolgoi–Gashuun Sukhait and Khööt–Bichigt lines were to be of Chinese gauge, while the Dalanzadgad–Choibalsan, Khööt–Nömrög, and Erdenet–Artssuuri lines were to be of Russian gauge. In 2016, a line linking Züünbayan to Khangi on the Chinese border () was approved; it was completed in 2023. A 2017 government plan, greatly reduced in scope from the 2010 one, proposed linking Khööt–Choibalsan, Nariin Sukhait–Shivee Khüren, Khööt–Bichigt, and Züünbayan–Khangi.

Gallery

File:Naushki railway station, Buryatia, Russia.jpg, Naushki station on the Russian border, 2009
File:Oulan bator aux abords de la gare (4).JPG, Sükhbaatar station, 2011
File:Trans Mongolian Railway.jpg, Train on the railway on the Mongolian steppe
File:Дархан 1985.jpg, Darkhan station, 1985
File:Erdenet 09.JPG, Erdenet branch station, 2009
File:Züünkharaa Station 1985.jpg, Züünkharaa station, 1985
File:Ulaanbaatar Railway Station.jpg, Ulaanbaatar station, 2024
File:At Choir Mongolia (11532660476).jpg, Choir station, 2013
File:Sainshand Railway Station2013.jpg, Sainshand station, 2013
File:扎门乌德火车站.jpg, Zamyn-Üüd station, 2016
File:Bogie Swap at the Mongolia-China Border, Erlian (149199529).jpg, Bogie exchange at Erenhot station on the Chinese border
File:Bord du Transmongolien.jpg, Dining car on a China Railway K3/4 train
File:Locomotives d' Oulan bator (1).JPG, 2M62M locomotive
File:At Choir Mongolia (11532656036).jpg, 2Zagal locomotive

References

External links

{{commons category

Official website of UBTZ

Railway lines in Mongolia
Rail transport in Mongolia
Rail infrastructure in Mongolia
Mongolia–Soviet Union relations
China–Mongolia relations
China–Soviet Union relations
Soviet foreign aid
Chinese foreign aid
International railway lines
Cross-border railway lines in Russia