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A transition metal phosphido complex is a
Alkali metal phosphides sometimes reduce the metal center.
Another way to generate the transition-metal phosphido complexes are by direct activation of P-H bonds and is mostly seen in the late-transition-metal complexes. For example, the reaction of Vaska's complex analogs with the parent phosphine generate the following transition-metal phosphido complex.
Complexes of the phosphide ligand can be classified into one of three classes:
*those where the phosphide is a terminal ligand and phosphorus is pyramidal,
*those where the phosphide is a terminal ligand and phosphorus is planar,
*those where the phosphide is a
As implied in the resonance structures A and B, some terminal phosphido ligands engage in M-P multiple bonding. In the resonance structure A, the lone pair from the p-orbital on phosphorus donates to the vacant orbital on the metal to form a π-bond. Because of the π-bonding interaction in resonance structure A, it is planar at phosphorus and M-P bond-length is shorter and M-P-R bond-angle is larger. Planar phosphido complexes usually have shorter M-P bonds and larger M-P-R angles. In the tungsten complex, the W-PHPh bond is 0.26 Å shorter than W-PEt3 bond in the same complex, and the W-P-C angle is 140°. Another example is a ruthenium complex. In those complex, the Ru-PCy2 bond is 0.11 Å shorter than Ru-PPh3 bond and the Ru-P-C angle is 127°.
While the planar and pyramidal phosphides can be distinguished clearly, in one case, a pyramidal phosphide can be converted to planar phosphide by one-electron oxidation.
The inversion of configuration at pyramidal terminal phosphides has been observed by 31P NMR spectroscopy. 
In most of its complexes, the phosphido ligand is a
Some late metal hydrophosphination catalysts rely on oxidative addition of a P-H bond. For example, a Pt(0) catalyst that undergoes oxidative addition of a secondary phosphine to form the corresponding Pt(II) phosphido complex, which react with electrophilic alkenes such as acrylonitrile. This P-C bond forming step proceeds through an outer-sphere, Michael-type addition. cAlkene insertion into the metal-hydrogen bond is also invoked in some hydrophosphinations.
Metal phosphide have been used in the synthesis of P-stereogenic phosphines by exploiting the high nucleophilicity in the pyramidal phosphide complex.
coordination complex
A coordination complex consists of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the ''coordination centre'', and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ''ligands'' or complexing agents. Many ...
containing a phosphido ligand
In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule ( functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. The bonding with the metal generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's ele ...
(R2P, where R = H, organic substituent). With two lone pairs on phosphorus
Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15. Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Ea ...
, the phosphido anion (R2P−) is comparable to an amido anion (R2N−), except that the M-P distances are longer and the phosphorus atom is more sterically accessible. For these reasons, phosphido is often a bridging ligand
In coordination chemistry, a bridging ligand is a ligand that connects two or more atoms, usually metal ions. The ligand may be atomic or polyatomic. Virtually all complex organic compounds can serve as bridging ligands, so the term is usually ...
. The -PH2 ion or ligand is also called phosphanide or phosphido ligand.
Synthesis
Phosphido ligands are often installed by salt metathesis reactions. Sources of R2P+ and R2P− are provided by phosphorus halides and alkali metal phosphides respectively. Illustrative of the use of R2PCl-like reagents is the synthesis of a diiron diphosphide: :Na2Fe2(CO)8 + 2 Ph2PCl → Fe2(PPh2)2(CO)6 + 2 NaCl + 2 CO The alternative salt metathesis route involves the reaction of alkali metal diorganophosphides with metal halides. A typical phosphide reagent is lithium diphenylphosphide.
Alkali metal phosphides sometimes reduce the metal center.
Another way to generate the transition-metal phosphido complexes are by direct activation of P-H bonds and is mostly seen in the late-transition-metal complexes. For example, the reaction of Vaska's complex analogs with the parent phosphine generate the following transition-metal phosphido complex.
Structure
Complexes of the phosphide ligand can be classified into one of three classes:
*those where the phosphide is a terminal ligand and phosphorus is pyramidal,
*those where the phosphide is a terminal ligand and phosphorus is planar,
*those where the phosphide is a bridging ligand
In coordination chemistry, a bridging ligand is a ligand that connects two or more atoms, usually metal ions. The ligand may be atomic or polyatomic. Virtually all complex organic compounds can serve as bridging ligands, so the term is usually ...
and phosphorus is tetrahedral.
Terminal phosphido ligands
In most complexes with terminal phosphido ligands, phosphorus is pyramidal, as expected with a stereochemically active lone pair of electrons. The M-P bond length in the pyramidal phosphide complex is longer than the M-P bond length in correspondingtransition metal phosphine complex A metal-phosphine complex is a In coordination complex containing one or more phosphine ligands. Almost always, the phosphine is an organophosphine of the type R3P (R = alkyl, aryl). Metal phosphine complexes are useful in homogeneous catalysis. ...
es. The pyramidal phosphido complex. In the complex, the Os-PHPh bond is 0.11 Å longer than the Os-PPh3 and the Os-P-C angle is 113o. The elongated Os-PHPh bond is often attributed to the electronic repulsion of the lone pair and nonbonding electrons on Os. Also, in another ruthenium complex, the Ru-P(Me)Ph bond is 0.17 Å longer than Ru-PH(Me)Ph in the related phosphine ligand version of the complex, dmpe)2Ru(H)PH(Me)Phsup>+. Additionally electronic repulsion of the P-centered lone pair and metal-based electrons enhance the nucleophilicity of the phosphide ligand. This high basicity and high nucleophilicity leads to the dimerization reaction.
As implied in the resonance structures A and B, some terminal phosphido ligands engage in M-P multiple bonding. In the resonance structure A, the lone pair from the p-orbital on phosphorus donates to the vacant orbital on the metal to form a π-bond. Because of the π-bonding interaction in resonance structure A, it is planar at phosphorus and M-P bond-length is shorter and M-P-R bond-angle is larger. Planar phosphido complexes usually have shorter M-P bonds and larger M-P-R angles. In the tungsten complex, the W-PHPh bond is 0.26 Å shorter than W-PEt3 bond in the same complex, and the W-P-C angle is 140°. Another example is a ruthenium complex. In those complex, the Ru-PCy2 bond is 0.11 Å shorter than Ru-PPh3 bond and the Ru-P-C angle is 127°.
While the planar and pyramidal phosphides can be distinguished clearly, in one case, a pyramidal phosphide can be converted to planar phosphide by one-electron oxidation.
The inversion of configuration at pyramidal terminal phosphides has been observed by 31P NMR spectroscopy.
Bridging phosphido ligands
In most of its complexes, the phosphido ligand is a bridging ligand
In coordination chemistry, a bridging ligand is a ligand that connects two or more atoms, usually metal ions. The ligand may be atomic or polyatomic. Virtually all complex organic compounds can serve as bridging ligands, so the term is usually ...
. No lone pairs remain on phosphorus. These complexes have the formula (μ-PR2)Lnsub>2. One example is e(μ-PPh2)(CO)3sub>2.
Applications
Metal phosphido complexes are however intermediates the catalytic hydrophosphinations.
Some late metal hydrophosphination catalysts rely on oxidative addition of a P-H bond. For example, a Pt(0) catalyst that undergoes oxidative addition of a secondary phosphine to form the corresponding Pt(II) phosphido complex, which react with electrophilic alkenes such as acrylonitrile. This P-C bond forming step proceeds through an outer-sphere, Michael-type addition. cAlkene insertion into the metal-hydrogen bond is also invoked in some hydrophosphinations.
Metal phosphide have been used in the synthesis of P-stereogenic phosphines by exploiting the high nucleophilicity in the pyramidal phosphide complex.
References