Trafalgar Way
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The Trafalgar Way is the name given to the historic route used to carry dispatches with the news of the
Battle of Trafalgar The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement that took place on 21 October 1805 between the Royal Navy and a combined fleet of the French Navy, French and Spanish Navy, Spanish navies during the War of the Third Coalition. As part of Na ...
overland from Falmouth to the
Admiralty Admiralty most often refers to: *Admiralty, Hong Kong * Admiralty (United Kingdom), military department in command of the Royal Navy from 1707 to 1964 *The rank of admiral *Admiralty law Admiralty can also refer to: Buildings * Admiralty, Tra ...
in London. The first messenger in November 1805 was Lieutenant
John Richards Lapenotière Captain John Richards Lapenotière (1770 – 19 January 1834) was a Royal Navy officer who served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. As the captain of the schooner HMS ''Pickle'', he observed the Battle of Trafalgar, participated ...
, of , who reached Falmouth on 4 November after a hard voyage in bad weather. He then raced to
London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...
bearing the dispatches containing the momentous news of
Lord Nelson Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronte ( – 21 October 1805) was a Royal Navy officer whose leadership, grasp of strategy and unconventional tactics brought about a number of decisive British naval victories during the French ...
's victory and death in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. Following the death in action of the Commander in Chief, Admiral Lord Nelson, his deputy, Vice Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, took command of the British Fleet. Because his ship, the '' Royal Sovereign'', had been dismasted, Collingwood transferred to the undamaged frigate to control operations. Shortly after the battle a severe storm blew up and lasted for several days. Collingwood was faced with the challenge of ensuring the safety and survival of his own and the captured ships: at the same time he needed to report the outcome of the battle to the Admiralty in London as soon as possible.


First news of the battle


The first dispatch

Collingwood entrusted the safe delivery of his first reports of the battle to Lapenotière, but could not spare him at once owing to the storm. On Saturday 26 October, the ''Pickle'' was finally detached: Lapenotière carried Collingwood's first dispatch, written on 22 October, containing his initial report of the battle, and a second, written on 24th, describing the effects of the storm on the ships that had survived. He also carried copies of two General Orders addressed to the Fleet. ''Pickle'' reached Falmouth on Monday 4 November and Lapenotière then travelled overland to London. He rode "express in a
post chaise A post-chaise is a travelling carriage operated in the 18th and early 19th centuries, travelling from post-to-post, and changing horses at each stage. With a closed body on four wheels, seating two people, and drawn by two or four horses, it i ...
and four." Edited versions of Collingwood's four documents that Lapenotière delivered were published in ''
The London Gazette ''The London Gazette'', known generally as ''The Gazette'', is one of the official journals of record or government gazettes of the Government of the United Kingdom, and the most important among such official journals in the United Kingdom, i ...
'' on 6 November and subsequently in most papers. The first report contained the words "I fear the numbers that have fallen will be found very great, when the returns come to me; but it having blown a gale of wind ever since the action, I have not yet had it in my power to collect any reports from the ships". This news triggered understandable anxiety, particularly amongst the families of the 18,465 men who had been with Nelson at Trafalgar, to learn the details of the casualty lists, or "butcher’s bill" as they were commonly known. Lapenotière's journey was about 271 miles, taking 38 hours and costing £46. There were 21 stops to change horses on the way from Falmouth to London and his "account of expenses", which was carefully saved for posterity in Admiralty records, shows his route, where he changed horses and his costs. The route he took was the main Falmouth to London coaching road of 1805 so each stage was between 10 and 15 miles at a speed of just over 7 mph. The expenses involved for each leg were:- To date no record has been found to show exactly where he obtained fresh horses, although in some of the smaller places there was probably only one stable or coaching inn available.


The "race"

Nelson had ordered Commander John Sykes of the 18-gun sloop to patrol off Cape St. Vincent in southwest Portugal. He met ''Pickle'' as she sped homewards on 28 October and, having heard Lapenotière's news of the battle, he appears to have elected to abandon his ordered station and escort ''Pickle'' for her safety, but they lost sight of each other in very heavy weather. When ''Nautilus'' arrived at Plymouth late on 4 November Sykes reported to Admiral William Young, who feared that ''Pickle'' might be missing. As a precaution the Admiral therefore ordered Sykes to travel to the Admiralty to report the sketchy details of the battle that he had learnt from Lapenotière at sea. As Sykes reached Exeter, neither Lapenotière nor Sykes were aware that they were now only a few miles apart on the same road in an involuntary race for London. By the time they reached Dorchester, documented accounts reported the two officers as being only one hour apart. Sykes reached the Admiralty at 2 a.m. on Wednesday 6 November, about an hour behind Lapenotière.


Subsequent dispatches


The second dispatch

By 28 October Collingwood had transferred his flag to ''Euryalus'' and was able to send a second dispatch containing this information from some of the ships. Lieutenant Robert Benjamin Young, commanding the cutter , (the smallest vessel present at the Battle of Trafalgar), took this dispatch to Faro on the Portuguese Algarve where it was handed to the British consul who delivered it to the British Embassy in
Lisbon Lisbon ( ; ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131, as of 2023, within its administrative limits and 3,028,000 within the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, metropolis, as of 2025. Lisbon is mainlan ...
. From there it sailed on 4 November aboard the next routine packet vessel, the ''Lord Walsingham'', which reached Falmouth on 13 November. A special carriage carried the mails over the route Lapenotière had followed, and reached the Admiralty in London on Friday 15 November. The casualty lists appeared in ''
The Times ''The Times'' is a British Newspaper#Daily, daily Newspaper#National, national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its modern name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its si ...
'' on Monday the 18th, thus ending the eleven days of anxiety for the families of the men of ''Royal Sovereign'', ''Mars'', ''Dreadnought'', ''Bellerophon'', ''Minotaur'', ''Ajax'', ''Defiance'', ''Leviathan'', ''Defence'', and ''Revenge''.


The third dispatch

By 4 November, order was being restored to the damaged British ships and Collingwood had shifted his flag from ''Euryalus'' to , a ship of the line of the Mediterranean squadron that had rejoined Collingwood after the battle. Considerable progress was also being made with the task of repatriating the Spanish prisoners to Spain. He was now able to dispatch the ''Euryalus'' to England with his third dispatch, and she sailed from off Cape Trafalgar on 7 November with the captured French Commander in Chief, Admiral Pierre de Villeneuve, on board. On Sunday 24 November, it was reported from Falmouth that " The hon. Capt. Blackwood landed here this evening, from his majesty's ship Euryalus, which he left off the Lizard this morning, and came up in his 8-oared cutter; he went off express for London immediately". Blackwood followed in Lapenotière's steps, reaching London late on 26 November, and ''The Times'' of Thursday the 28th carried Collingwood's assessment of the condition and whereabouts of the ships of the defeated French and Spanish fleets, the prize list. The same dispatch also contained further casualty lists that now included first details from ''Victory'', ''Britannia'', ''Temeraire'', ''Prince'', ''Neptune'', ''Agamemnon'', ''Spartiate'', ''Africa'', ''Bellisle'', ''Colossus'', ''Achille'', ''Polyphemus'', and ''Swiftsure''. The prize list reported that during the battle four French ships had "hauled to the Southward and escaped", and their whereabouts were still unknown to Collingwood as he wrote his third dispatch.


Further dispatches

The Admiralty, however, was not concerned because it had already received very satisfactory reports of the whereabouts of the escaped French ships from another messenger who rode into London from the West Country. On Saturday 9 November, the frigate ''Aeolus'' had sailed into Plymouth with the news that they had been taken as prizes by Captain Sir Richard Strachan off
Cape Ortegal Ortegal is a ''comarca'' in the north of the Galician Province of A Coruña, Spain. It borders the Atlantic Ocean and the Cantabrian Sea to the north, the Province of Lugo Lugo is a province (Spain), province of northwestern Spain, in the nor ...
on Monday 4th. The captain of ''Aeolus'', Lord Fitzroy, "set off with dispatches at 10 A.M. for the Admiralty, (the horses decorated with laurels) in a post-chaise and four". The following day Captain Baker of the ''Phoenix'' arrived in Plymouth and took another chaise to London with further details of the Ortegal action, including the British casualty lists. The details carried by these officers were published in London on 11 and 12 November. Although both Lord Fitzroy and Captain Baker travelled from Plymouth, they joined The Trafalgar Way at Exeter and followed it to London.


Collingwood's fourth dispatch

The final news from Trafalgar contained the casualty list from the ''Tonnant'' which was published in London on 4 December. It had not reached Collingwood until 9 November, when ''Queen'' anchored off
Cape Spartel Cape Spartel (; ; ) is a promontory in Morocco about above sea level at the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar, 12 km west of Tangier. It is the northwesternmost point of the African continent. Below the cape are the Caves of Hercules. Des ...
after the departure of ''Euryalus''. The dispatch containing this report was sent to Lisbon and from there by the routine packet ''Townshend'', arriving at Falmouth on Friday 29 November. The mails she carried were taken up the same well-worn route to the Admiralty.


2005 Bicentenary

Lt Lapenotière's 37-hour journey by post chaise and those of the other messengers that followed were commemorated by the inauguration of The Trafalgar Way and by the
New Trafalgar Dispatch {{Use British English, date=December 2017 The New Trafalgar Dispatch was part of the bicentenary celebrations of Lord Nelson's famous and momentous victory at the Battle of Trafalgar, in 1805. The prolonged and multi-focal ceremony took place b ...
celebrations in 2005. HRH the
Princess Royal Princess Royal is a substantive title, title customarily (but not automatically) awarded by British monarchs to their eldest daughters. Although purely honorary, it is the highest honour that may be given to a female member of the royal famil ...
unveiled a plaque at Falmouth on 4 August 2005 to launch a series of events along the Way. A series of commemorative plaques mark the route, giving details of his journey and commemorating local people who fought with Nelson at Trafalgar. They can be seen at Falmouth, Penryn, Perranwell,
Truro Truro (; ) is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and civil parish in Cornwall, England; it is the southernmost city in the United Kingdom, just under west-south-west of Charing Cross in London. It is Cornwall's county town, s ...
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, Launceston, Lifton,
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Canada House Canada House () is a Greek Revival building on Trafalgar Square in London. It has been a Grade II* Listed Building since 1970. It has served as the Chancery (diplomacy), chancery of the High Commission of Canada in the United Kingdom since 192 ...
and finally on the Old Admiralty Building in Whitehall. The
Ordnance Survey The Ordnance Survey (OS) is the national mapping agency for Great Britain. The agency's name indicates its original military purpose (see Artillery, ordnance and surveying), which was to map Scotland in the wake of the Jacobite rising of ...
produced a special commemorative map of the route with descriptive insets and a historical timeline. In 2017 the custodians of The Trafalgar Way, The 1805 Club, applied for and received charitable funding from a LIBOR grant to revive the promotion of the route and its history.


References


External links


The Trafalgar Way
official website
Kate E. Jamieson Cycling The Trafalgar WayOpen Plaques subject 7008Ride The Trafalgar Way. Organised cycling trips
* ttp://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Naval_History/GB/Times(1805-11-07)a.html London Gazette Extraordinary of 6 November 1805br>Falmouth start of Trafalgar WayThe Ordnance Survey websiteThe New Trafalgar DispatchSea Britain 2005 website
{{DEFAULTSORT:Trafalgar Way Georgian era 1805 in the United Kingdom Battle of Trafalgar