Tradruk Temple (, referred to as Changzhu Monastery in Chinese) in the Yarlung Valley is the earliest great geomantic temple after the Jokhang and some sources say it predates that temple.Dorje (1999), p. 191. Tradruk Temple is located in Nêdong County of Lhoka in the Tibet Autonomous Region, about seven kilometres south of the county seat, Tsetang.

Founding legends

Tradruk Monastery is the largest and most important of the surviving royal foundations in the Yarlung Valley. It is said to have been founded in the 7th century under king Songtsen Gampo. According to one legend, Tradruk was one of twelve geomantic temples, the Tadül "Border Subduers" () and Yangdül "Further Taming emples (), that were built to hold down the huge supine ogress (, sa, राक्षसि ''rākṣasi'') under Tibet: Tradruk was said to stand on her left shoulder, Katsel (, or ) and Gyama () in Maizhokunggar County on her right shoulder and the Jokhang in Lhasa on her heart. According to another legend, at the site of the monastery there was originally a lake inhabited by a

dragon A dragon is a reptilian legendary creature that appears in the folklore of many cultures worldwide. Beliefs about dragons vary considerably through regions, but dragons in western cultures since the High Middle Ages have often been depicted as ...

with five heads. Songtsen Gampo was able to call a huge falcon by meditation, which defeated the dragon and drank all the water of the lake, so that the temple could be built. This legend would explain the name of the temple.

History

Tradruk is said to have been the second of Tibet's earliest great geomantric temples after the Jokhang, and some sources even place it earlier. Under the rule of Trisong Detsen (755–797) and

Muné Tsenpo Muné Tsenpo () was the 39th Emperor of Tibet (r. 797?-799?). This period of Tibetan history, towards the end, and after the reign of Trisong Detsen is very murky and the sources give conflicting stories and dates. Mune Tsenpo is a Zhangzhung na ...

, Tradruk was one of the three royal monasteries. During the persecution of Buddhism under Langdarma (, 841–846) and during the Mongol invasion from Dzungaria in the 16th century, the monastery was heavily damaged. In 1351, Tradruk was restored and enlarged; during the reign of the

5th Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (; ; 1617–1682) was the 5th Dalai Lama and the first Dalai Lama to wield effective temporal and spiritual power over all Tibet. He is often referred to simply as the Great Fifth, being a key religious and temporal leader ...

(1642–1682), the monastery got a golden roof and under the 7th Dalai Lama (1751–1757), it was further expanded. In the late 18th century, Tradruk is said to have had 21 temples. Several buildings were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. During the 1980s, the monastery was renovated and in 1988 it was reconsecrated. Today, the complex has an area of 4667 square metres and is under national protection. Tradruk is a stop on the Yarlung pilgrimage route called "three sanctuaries, three chortens." Alternate names are: Trandruk, Tradruk, Tradrug, Trandrug, Trangdruk, Trhandruk, Trangdruk, Traduk, 昌珠寺, changzhu si, g.yo ru khra 'brug bkra shis byams snyoms lha khang.

Architecture and craftwork

The centre of the temple is the innermost chapel, which is said to date back to the original temple built by Songtsen Gampo; according to the legend, it held Buddha

statue A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size; a sculpture t ...

s of stone and a Tara statue. Today, the chapel houses clay figures which are said to contain fragments of the original statues. The most important treasure of Tradruk is a thangka embroidered with thousands of pearls which is said to have been made by Princess Wencheng herself. It depicts Wencheng as White Tara. The thangka is kept in the central chapel on the upper floor. It is one of only three thangkas made by Wencheng. The two others are in the

reliquary A reliquary (also referred to as a ''shrine'', by the French term ''châsse'', and historically including ''wikt:phylactery, phylacteries'') is a container for relics. A portable reliquary may be called a ''fereter'', and a chapel in which it i ...

stupa A stupa ( sa, स्तूप, lit=heap, ) is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (such as ''śarīra'' – typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns) that is used as a place of meditation. In Buddhism, circumamb ...

of the 5th Dalai Lama in the Potala Palace in Lhasa and in Xigazê. There is a famous "talking" statue of Padmasambhava at the age of eight years in the same room in Tradruk. Tradruk used to have a famous bell on the verandah which is not in the monastery any more with an inscription containing the name of Trisong Detsen, who probably enlarged and embellished the original buildings. The inscription on the bell read:

"This great bell was installed here to tell the increase of the life-time of the divine btsan-po Khri Lde-srong-brtsan. The donor Queen Byang-chub had it made to sound like the sound of the drum roll of the gods in the heavens and it was cast by the abbot, the Chinese monk Rin-cen as a religious offering from Tshal and to call all creatures to virtue."Richardson (1985), p. 83

The main building is surrounded by several smaller shrines.

Rituals

Each year in June, ritual

dance Dance is a performing art form consisting of sequences of movement, either improvised or purposefully selected. This movement has aesthetic and often symbolic value. Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoir ...

s are staged at Tradruk known as the Métok Chöpa "Flower Offering" ().

Footnotes

References

* Dorje, Gyurme. (1999). ''Footprint Tibet Handbook with Bhutan''. 2nd Edition. Footprint Handbooks. Bath, England. . *Dowman, Keith. ''The Power-places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide''. 1988. Routledge & kegan Paul, London. * Guntram Hazod,

Per K. Sørensen Per Kjeld Sørensen (born 18 December 1950) is a prominent Danish Tibetologist who specialises in Tibetan and Himalayan history, literature and culture. Since 1994 he has been Professor of Central Asian Studies (Zentralasienwissenschaften, Tibeto ...

, Gyalbo Tsering: ''Thundering Falcon. An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-’brug, Tibet's First Buddhist Temple''. (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften / Austrian Academy of Sciences 2005), . * Richardson, Hugh Edward. (1985) ''A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions''. Royal Asiatic Society. * Snellgrove, David and Richardson, Hugh. (1995). ''A Cultural History of Tibet''. Shambhala. Boston & London. . Originally published in 1968 by George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Ltd. This 1995 edition with new material. * ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho ངག་དབང་བློ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ།: ''bod kyi deb ther dpyid kyi rgyal mo’i glu dbyangs'' བོད་ཀྱི་དེབ་ཐེར་དཔྱིད་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་མོའི་གླུ་དབྱངས།, chapter 6. *Vitali, Roberto. ''Early Temples of Central Tibet''. 1990 Serindia Publications. London. *von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2001. ''Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet''. Vol. One: ''India & Nepal''; Vol. Two: ''Tibet & China''. (Volume One: 655 pages with 766 illustrations; Volume Two: 675 pages with 987 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. : Khra ’brug («tradruk») monastery. Yar lung («yarlung») valley, pp. 306, 551, 701; 705 n. 490; 729 n. 577; 732, 733, 883, 913, 1246, 1248; Figs. X–4, XII–8; Pls. 104A, 106A, 300A, 300C–F, 304B, 356E–F.

External links

Tradrug
(British Photography in Central Tibet, 1920–1950; Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford / British Museum)
昌珠寺
(China Tibet Information Center; in Chinese) {{Authority control 7th-century religious buildings and structures Buddhist temples in Shannan, Tibet Buddhist monasteries in Tibet Gelug monasteries and temples Buddhist pilgrimage sites in China Shannan, Tibet 7th-century establishments in Tibet Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet