Trachypachid

The Trachypachidae (sometimes known as false ground beetles) are a family of beetles that generally resemble small ground beetles, but that are distinguished by the large coxae of their rearmost legs. There are only six known extant species in the family, with four species of ''Trachypachus'' found in northern Eurasia and northern North America, and two species of '' Systolosoma'' in Chile and Argentina. They were much more diverse in the past, with dozens of described species from the Mesozoic.

Their habits are similar to those of the ground beetles; they are usually found in the leaf litter of conifer forests, and are thought to be mostly predators and scavengers, active during the day ( diurnal).

According to entomologist George Ball, "the most interesting thing about this small family is its uncertain phylogenetic relationships"; it has previously been classified as a subfamily of Carabidae, and as a family been placed in several different positions relative to other beetle families. George E. Ball, "Trachypachidae", in Ross H. Arnett, Jr. and Michael C. Thomas, ''American Beetles'' (CRC Press, 2001), vol. 1 Recent molecular phylogenies have recovered as the sister group to the clade Carabidae+Cicindelidae as part of the Adephaga subgroup Geadephaga. The earliest fossils known of this family are of the genera '' Petrodromeus,'' '' Permunda'' and '' Apermunda'' from the Permian-Triassic boundary of Russia around 252 million years ago. Fossil genera of the family are classified in the subfamily Eodromeinae, while the two modern genera are placed in the subfamily Trachypachinae. The two subfamilies are distinguished by the shape and position of the sclerites that are jointed to the mesocoxae (the section where the middle pair of legs joins the body).

Species

*Subfamily Trachypachinae
** '' Systolosoma'' Chile, Argentina
*** '' Systolosoma breve''
*** '' Systolosoma lateritium''
** ''Trachypachus'' Holarctic
*** '' Trachypachus holmbergi''
*** '' Trachypachus gibbsii''
*** '' Trachypachus zetterstedtii''
*** '' Trachypachus slevini''
*Subfamily †Eodromeinae
*After revision in Kirejtshuk et Ansorge, 2022.
**†'' Coreoeicos'' Bode, 1953 Posidonia Shale, Germany Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
**†'' Denudirabus'' Ren, 1995 China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
**†'' Dolichorabus'' Ponomarenko, 1985 Ichetuy Formation, Russia, Late Jurassic
**†'' Dundorabus'' Ponomarenko, 1989 Ulaan-Ereg Formation Mongolia, Late Jurassic (Tithonian)
**†'' Eodromeites'' Ponomarenko, 1985 (2 species) Russia, Upper Jurassic
**†'' Eodromeus'' Ponomarenko, 1977 (10+ species) China Russia Mongolia, Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
**†'' Liassodites'' Kirejtshuk et Ansorge, 2022 Green Series, Germany Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
**†'' Evertus'' Ponomarenko, 1986 (= ''Fortiseode'' Jia, Liang, Chang et Ren, 2011) (3 species) Mongolia, Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
**†'' Karadromeus'' Ponomarenko, 1977 (6+ species) Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, China?, Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
**†'' Karatoma'' Ponomarenko, 1977 (2 species) Karabastau Formation Kazakhstan, Middle-Late Jurassic, Glushkovo Formation, Russia, Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)
**†'' Necronectulus'' Ponomarenko, 1977 Tologoi Formation, Kazakhstan, Upper Triassic (Carnian-Norian) Jinju Formation)
**†'' Novunda'' Kirejtshuk et Ansorge, 2022 (= ''Unda'' Ponomarenko, 1977 preoccupied genus) (5 species) Daohugou, China, Middle Jurassic, Glushkovo Formation, Russia, Upper Jurassic
**†'' Platycoxa'' Ponomarenko, 1977 Kyrgyzstan, Lower Jurassic
**†'' Prosynactus'' Bode, 1953 Posidonia Shale, Germany Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
**†'' Psacodromeus'' Ponomarenko, 1977 Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Middle/Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, Jinju Formation, South Korea Early Cretaceous (Albian)
**†'' Sinodromeus'' Wang, Zhang et Ponomarenko, 2012, Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
** †'' Sogdodromeus'' Ponomarenko, 1977 Madygen Formation, Kyrgyzstan, Upper Triassic (Carnian)
*** †''Sogdodromeus altus''
**†'' Xishanocarabus'' Hong, 1984 Lushangfen Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
** †'' Petrodromeus'' Ponomarenko et Volkov, 2013 Kemerovo, Russia, Late Permian (Changhsingian)
*** †''Petrodromeus asiaticus'' (=''Ademosynoides asiaticus''; Martynov, 1936)
** †'' Apermunda'' Kirejtshuk et Ansorge, 2022, Kemerovo, Russia, Late Permian (Changhsingian)
*** †''Apermunda minor'' (=''Petrodromeus minor'')
** †'' Permunda'' Ponomarenko et Volkov, 2013 Kemerovo, Russia, Late Permian (Changhsingian)
*** †''Permunda nana''

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q150582

Adephaga
Beetle families
Beetles of North America