Trachycarpeae is a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...

of palms in

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

Coryphoideae The Coryphoideae is one of five subfamilies in the palm family, Arecaceae. It contains all of the genera with palmate leaves, excepting '' Mauritia'', '' Mauritiella'' and '' Lepidocaryum,'' all of subfamily Calamoideae, tribe Lepidocaryeae, ...

of the

plant Plants are the eukaryotes that form the Kingdom (biology), kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly Photosynthesis, photosynthetic. This means that they obtain their energy from sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with c ...

family

Arecaceae The Arecaceae () is a family (biology), family of perennial plant, perennial, flowering plants in the Monocotyledon, monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbing palm, climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly k ...

. It has the widest distribution of any tribe in Coryphoideae and is found on all continents (except

Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole. ...

), though the greatest concentration of species is in

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

. Trachycarpeae includes palms from both

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...

and

subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical zone, geographical and Köppen climate classification, climate zones immediately to the Northern Hemisphere, north and Southern Hemisphere, south of the tropics. Geographically part of the Ge ...

zones; the northernmost naturally-occurring palm is a member of this tribe (''

Chamaerops humilis ''Chamaerops'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Arecaceae. It contains only one species, ''Chamaerops humilis'', variously called European fan palm or the Mediterranean dwarf palm. It is one of the most cold-hardy palms and is use ...

''). Several

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

can be found in cultivation in

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ran ...

areas, for example species of ''

Trachycarpus ''Trachycarpus'' is a genus of ten species of Arecaceae, palms native to Asia, from the Himalaya east to eastern China. They are fan palms (subfamily Coryphoideae), with the leaf, leaves with a bare petiole terminating in a rounded fan of numerou ...

'', ''

Chamaerops ''Chamaerops'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Arecaceae. It contains only one species, ''Chamaerops humilis'', variously called European fan palm or the Mediterranean dwarf palm. It is one of the most cold-hardy palms and is use ...

'', ''

Rhapidophyllum ''Rhapidophyllum hystrix'', the needle palm, is a palm native to coastal margins of the subtropical eastern Gulf and south Atlantic states of the United States. Populations can be found from coastal southeast South Carolina, southward to Florida ...

'' and ''

Washingtonia ''Washingtonia'' is a genus of palms, native to the southwestern United States (in southern California, and southwest Arizona) and northwest Mexico (in Baja California and Sonora). Both ''Washingtonia'' species are commonly cultivated across th ...

''.

Description

Palms in this tribe have palmate leaves with induplicate folds (reduplicate in '' Guihaia''). Plants may be tall, single-stemmed trees (e.g. ''

Copernicia ''Copernicia'' is a genus of Arecaceae, palms native to South America and the Greater Antilles. Of the known species and nothospecies (Hybrid (biology), hybrids), 22 of the 27 are endemic to Cuba. They are List of Arecaceae genera#Tribe Corypheae ...

'', '' Brahea'', ''

Pritchardia The genus ''Pritchardia'' (family Arecaceae) consists of between 24 and 40 species of fan palms (subfamily Coryphoideae) found on tropical Pacific Ocean Pacific Islands, islands in Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Tuamotus, and most diversely in Hawaiian ...

''), acaulescent with short, squat trunks (e.g. ''

Maxburretia ''Maxburretia'' is a genus of three rare species of palms found in southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. The genus is named in honor of Max Burret, (1883–1964) a German botanist.Barfod, A.S. & Dransfield, J. (2013). Flora of Thailand 11( ...

'', ''

Johannesteijsmannia ''Johannesteijsmannia'' is a genus of four species of Arecaceae, palms found in tropical rainforests of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and northern Sumatra. They are fan palms, usually growing without a trunk. The genus was named in honor of Johan ...

''), multi-stemmed (e.g. ''

Rhapis ''Rhapis'' is a genus of about 10 species of small Arecaceae, palms native to southeastern Asia from southern Japan and southern China south to Sumatra. The species are commonly known as lady palms. They are List of Arecaceae genera#Tribe Trach ...

'', '' Acoelorraphe'') or branched and prostrate (e.g. ''

Serenoa ''Serenoa repens'', commonly known as saw palmetto, is a small palm, growing to a maximum height around . Taxonomy It is the sole species in the genus ''Serenoa''. The genus name honors American botanist Sereno Watson. Distribution and ...

''). These palms flower regularly throughout their lives (pleonanthic) and may be

dioecious Dioecy ( ; ; adj. dioecious, ) is a characteristic of certain species that have distinct unisexual individuals, each producing either male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproduction is ...

, monoecious or hermaphroditic.

Taxonomy

Trachycarpeae is one of eight tribes in the subfamily

. The tribe is

monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...

, but

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...

studies have yet to reveal its closest relatives, though they could be the

Phoeniceae ''Phoenix'' is a genus of 14 species of palms, native to an area starting from the Canary Islands in the west, across northern and central Africa, to the extreme southeast of Europe (Crete), and continuing throughout southern Asia, from Anatolia ...

, or the

Sabal ''Sabal'' is a genus of New World palms (or fan-palms). Currently, there are 17 recognized species of ''Sabal'', including one hybrid species. Distribution The species are native to the subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas, from ...

eae and Cryosophileae. Initially described as tribe 'Livistoneae', the name Trachycarpeae has priority. In previous classifications, all the members of this tribe were included in tribe Corypheae. Trachycarpeae is divided into two subtribes: Rhapidinae have flowers with three separate

carpels Gynoecium (; ; : gynoecia) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) ...

, whereas in subtribe Livistoniinae the flower carpels are free at the base, but the styles are fused together. All genera in Rhapidinae are native to the

Old World The "Old World" () is a term for Afro-Eurasia coined by Europeans after 1493, when they became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia in the Eastern Hemisphere, previously ...

, except

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

n ''Rhapidophyllum''. Livistoninae are widely distributed in both the

New World The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas, and sometimes Oceania."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: ...

and

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

. A single

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

('' Livistona carinensis'') has its main area of distribution in Africa, with

extending into

northern Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

. Several genera in this tribe have yet to be allocated to a subtribe, due to a lack of convincing data from phylogenetic studies. Rhapidinae * ''

'' - (1 sp., ''C. humilis'', Mediterranean) * '' Guihaia'' - (3 spp., China, Vietnam) * ''

'' - (11 spp., Himalayas, Indochina) * ''

'' - (1 sp., ''R. hystrix'', Southeast USA) * ''

'' - (3 spp., Malay Peninsula) * ''

'' - (11 spp., Indochina, Sumatra) Livistoninae * ''

Livistona ''Livistona'' is a genus of palms, the botanical family Arecaceae, native to southeastern and eastern Asia, Australasia, and the Horn of Africa. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan ...

'' - (approx. 27 spp., Southeast Asia, Australia, NE Africa) * ''

Licuala ''Licuala'' is a genus of palms, in the tribe Trachycarpeae, commonly found in tropical forests of southern China, Southeast Asia, the Himalayas, New Guinea and the western Pacific Ocean islands. Description and uses ''Licuala'' spp. are fa ...

'' - (167 spp., Southeast Asia) * ''

Lanonia ''Lanonia'' is a genus of fan palms, in the tribe Trachycarpeae (subtribe: Livistoninae). It has a recorded native range from southern China to Indo-China and is also found in Java. Description and phylogeny ''Lanonia'' spp. are fan palms: ori ...

'' - (13 spp., Indochina) * ''

'' - (4 spp., Malaysia, Indonesia) * '' Pholidocarpus'' - (6 spp., Malaysia, Indonesia) * ''

Saribus ''Saribus'' is a genus of palms (family Arecaceae), native to Southeast Asia, Papuasia and Pacific Islands. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets. ''Livistona'' is ...

'' - (9 spp., Philippines to New Caledonia) Unplaced genera * '' Acoelorraphe'' - (1 sp., ''A. wrightii'', Caribbean) * ''

'' - (1 sp., ''S. repens'', Southeast USA) * '' Brahea'' - (approx. 10 spp., Mexico & Guatemala) * '' Colpothrinax'' - (3 spp., Central America & Cuba) * ''

'' - (21 spp., Caribbean, South America) * ''

'' - (approx. 27 spp., Pacific) * ''

'' - (2 spp., California, Mexico) The above classification was published prior to the recognition of the genera ''Saribus'' and ''Lanonia''; however, both are clearly members of subtribe Livistoniinae. ''Saribus'' includes species formerly in ''Livistona'' and

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unisp ...

'' Pritchardiopsis'', while ''Lanonia'' species were previously included in ''Licuala''.

Gallery

File:Aceolorraphe wrightii 1.jpg, '' Acoelorraphe wrightii'' File:Brahea armata kz3.jpg, ''

Brahea armata ''Brahea armata'', commonly known as Mexican blue palm or blue hesper palm, is a large evergreen tree of the palm family Arecaceae, Endemism, endemic to Baja California, Mexico. It is widely planted as an Ornamental plant, ornamental. Descripti ...

'' File:Chamaerops humilis 02.JPG, ''

'' File:Colpothrinax wrightii.jpg, '' Colpothrinax wrightii'' File:Copernicia macroglossa 10zz.jpg, '' Copernicia macroglossa'' File:Guihaia grossefibrosa 4zz.jpg, '' Guihaia grossefibrosa'' File:Johannesteijsmannia altifrons (Scott Zona) 001.jpg, ''

Johannesteijsmannia altifrons ''Johannesteijsmannia altifrons'' is a species of flowering plant in the palm family. It is native to southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, and Sumatra. Flowers of this species smell of sour milk. Description This is a medium-sized, ...

'' File:Livistona carinensis Djibouti.jpg, '' Livistona carinensis'' File:Licuala ramsayi (tanetahi) 001.jpg, '' Licuala ramsayi'' File:Pritchardia martii (5844077270).jpg, '' Pritchardia martii'' File:Rhapidophyllum hystrix.jpg, ''

Rhapidophyllum hystrix ''Rhapidophyllum hystrix'', the needle palm, is a Arecaceae, palm native to coastal margins of the Subtropics, subtropical eastern Gulf and south Atlantic states of the United States. Populations can be found from coastal southeast South Carolin ...

'' File:Rhapis humilis1.jpg, ''

Rhapis humilis ''Rhapis'' is a genus of about 10 species of small Arecaceae, palms native to southeastern Asia from southern Japan and southern China south to Sumatra. The species are commonly known as lady palms. They are List of Arecaceae genera#Tribe Trach ...

'' File:Livistona rotundifolia 7zz.jpg, ''

Saribus rotundifolius ''Saribus rotundifolius'', also known as the footstool palm, is a common fan palm found in Southeast Asia. It is a member of the genus '' Saribus''. Common names It is called ''anáhaw'' or ''luyong'' in Filipino. In Malay the palm is known a ...

'' File:Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) in Manatee Springs State Park.jpg, ''

Serenoa repens ''Serenoa repens'', commonly known as saw palmetto, is a small palm, growing to a maximum height around . Taxonomy It is the sole species in the genus ''Serenoa''. The genus name honors American botanist Sereno Watson. Distribution and ...

'' File:Trachycarpus fortunei P1010099.JPG, ''

Trachycarpus fortunei ''Trachycarpus fortunei'', also known as the Chusan palm,Bean, W. J. (1980). ''Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'', 8th ed., vol. 4. John Murray. . Chinese windmill palm, or simply the Windmill palm, is a species of hardy evergreen pal ...

'' File:Washingtonia robusta.jpg, ''

Washingtonia robusta ''Washingtonia robusta'', known by common name as the Mexican fan palm, Mexican washingtonia, or skyduster is a palm tree native to the Baja California peninsula and a small part of Sonora in northwestern Mexico. Despite its limited native distr ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1229280 Monocot tribes