The

Toyota is a Japanese Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, Japan. It was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda and incorporated on August 28, 1937. Toyota is the List of manuf ...

ZZ engine family is a

straight-4 A straight-four engine (also referred to as an inline-four engine) is a four-cylinder piston engine where cylinders are arranged in a line along a common crankshaft. The majority of automotive four-cylinder engines use a straight-four layout ( ...

piston engine A reciprocating engine, more often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more Reciprocating motion, reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into a Circular motion, rotating motion. This article ...

series. The ZZ series uses a die-cast aluminium

engine block In an internal combustion engine, the engine block is the structure that contains the cylinders and other components. The engine block in an early automotive engine consisted of just the cylinder block, to which a separate crankcase was attach ...

with thin press-fit

cast iron Cast iron is a class of iron–carbon alloys with a carbon content of more than 2% and silicon content around 1–3%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloying elements determine the form in which its car ...

cylinder liners, aluminium

DOHC An overhead camshaft (OHC) engine is a piston engine in which the camshaft is located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber. This contrasts with earlier overhead valve engines (OHV), where the camshaft is located below the combus ...

4-valve cylinder heads, and chain-driven

camshaft A camshaft is a shaft that contains a row of pointed cams in order to convert rotational motion to reciprocating motion. Camshafts are used in piston engines (to operate the intake and exhaust valves), mechanically controlled ignition syst ...

s. The ZZ family replaced the extremely popular cast-iron block '' 4A'' and '' 7A'' engines of the preceding '' A'' family of engines. The two 1.8 L members of the family, the 1ZZ and 2ZZ, use different bore and

stroke Stroke is a medical condition in which poor cerebral circulation, blood flow to a part of the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: brain ischemia, ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and intracranial hemorrhage, hemor ...

. The former was optimised for economy, with

torque In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational analogue of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force (also abbreviated to moment). The symbol for torque is typically \boldsymbol\tau, the lowercase Greek letter ''tau''. Wh ...

emphasised in lower

revolutions per minute Revolutions per minute (abbreviated rpm, RPM, rev/min, r/min, or r⋅min−1) is a unit of rotational speed (or rotational frequency) for rotating machines. One revolution per minute is equivalent to hertz. Standards ISO 80000-3:2019 de ...

operating range, while the latter is a "square" design optimised for high-RPM torque, yielding higher peak power.

Model code breakdown

Toyota engine names are interpreted as follows. The leading number denotes the generation, and the next one or two letters, specify the engine family. The remaining letters, following a hyphen, describe the engine's major features. For example, the 2ZZ-GE can be decoded as being the second generation of the ZZ engine series and features a performance-oriented cylinder head with widely angled valves (G) and electronic fuel injection (E). For more information on Toyota's engine naming conventions, see

list of Toyota engines This is a list of Internal combustion engine#Reciprocating engines, piston engines developed, independently or with other car companies, by Toyota, Toyota Motor Corporation. Engine codes Toyota has produced a wide variety of automobile engines, in ...

1ZZ

1ZZ-FE

The 1ZZ-FE is a version. Bore x

of .

Compression ratio The compression ratio is the ratio between the maximum and minimum volume during the compression stage of the power cycle in a piston or Wankel engine. A fundamental specification for such engines, it can be measured in two different ways. Th ...

is 10.0:1. It uses MPFI, has VVT-i (1998-99 1ZZ engines don't have VVT-i), and features fracture-split forged powder metal

connecting rod A connecting rod, also called a 'con rod', is the part of a reciprocating engine, piston engine which connects the piston to the crankshaft. Together with the crank (mechanism), crank, the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the p ...

s, one-piece cast

s, and either a cast aluminum

intake manifold An inlet manifold or intake manifold (in American English) is the part of an internal combustion engine that supplies the fuel/air mixture to the cylinder (engine), cylinders. The word ''manifold (engineering), manifold'' comes from the Old Eng ...

or a molded plastic intake manifold. The 1ZZ-FE was manufactured at both the Toyota Motor Manufacturing West Virginia plant in the United States and at the Shimoyama plant in Japan.

North America

Built in the United States at Buffalo, West Virginia, output of the North American 1ZZ-FE is between at 5,600 rpm with of

at 4,400 rpm, and at 6,400 rpm with of torque at 4,200 rpm. Production at

Cambridge, Ontario Cambridge is a city in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, located at the confluence of the Grand River (Ontario), Grand and Speed River, Speed rivers, in the central part of the Ontario Peninsula. The city had a population ...

was discontinued in December 2007, while production at Buffalo, West Virginia was halted in 2008. A factory supported bolt-on supercharger kit for the 1ZZ-FE was sold for the 2003–2004 Corolla and Matrix by Toyota Racing Development, and Pontiac Vibe by GM Performance. The supercharger gives of boost, with a and of torque increase at the wheels. Toyota announced a voluntary recall of 2005 to 2008 Toyota Corollas and Matrixes equipped with the 1ZZ-FE engines. The issue involves the engine control module, and includes the potential for it to develop a crack on the module's circuit board, which can result in the car not starting, the transmission shifting harshly, or the engine stalling. Additionally, General Motors announced a voluntary recall of Pontiac Vibes from years 2005 to 2008 for the same issue. Applications: *

Toyota Corolla (E110) The Corolla E110 was the eighth generation of cars sold by Toyota under the Corolla nameplate. Introduced in May 1995, the eighth generation shared its platform (and doors, on some models) with its predecessor. Due to the Lost Decades recessi ...

* Toyota Corolla (E120) CE/LE/S/VE, Altis (Asia) * Toyota Corolla Verso *

Toyota RAV4 The is a compact crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota. It is known for starting the wave of compact crossovers. The RAV4 is one of the best-selling SUVs of all time. By February 2020, a total of 10 million RAV4 ...

* Chevrolet Prizm * Pontiac Vibe *

Toyota Celica The is an automobile produced by Toyota from 1970 until 2006. The Celica name derives from the Latin word ''wikt:coelicus, coelica'' meaning ''heavenly'' or ''celestial''. In Japan, the Celica was exclusive to ''Toyota Corolla Store'' Car deale ...

GT * Toyota Matrix * Toyota MR2 (W30) * Toyota Avensis *

Lotus Elise The Lotus Elise is a sports car conceived in early 1994 and released in September 1996 by the British manufacturer Lotus Cars. A two-seater Roadster (automobile), roadster with a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout, the Elise has a fibregl ...

Japan

Built in Japan at the Shimoyama plant in Miyoshi, Aichi, the Japanese 1ZZ-FE is similar to the one used in North America, except that it has larger (32 mm) intake valves and (27.5 mm) exhaust valves with corresponding revisions to the ports, resulting in higher power output compared to the North American 1ZZ-FE. It uses Multi-point fuel injection along with VVT-i. Toyota's advertised power output is at 6,400 rpm and of torque at 4,400 rpm. It was widely believed that the Japanese-made engine was labeled as the "1ZZ-FED", however no official documentation or labeling from Toyota has ever cited the "FED" suffix. All of the applications that used the Japan-built engine (including the ones listed below) have their stickers and emission certifications labeled as 1ZZ-FE without the "D" at the end. Like many other engines manufactured by Toyota, the company has felt the need to change something internal to the engine for different applications without changing the designation (e.g. the 4A-FE went through three generations of changes under the same name). Applications: * Toyota Corolla (E120) Fielder, RunX S, Allex (Japan) * Toyota Corolla (E140) Axio, Fielder (Japan) * Toyota Corolla Spacio *

(ZZT230, Japan Only) * Toyota MR-S / MR2 Spyder * Toyota Allison and Premio * Toyota Vista and Vista Ardeo * Toyota Caldina * Toyota Opa *

Toyota Isis The Toyota Isis is a seven-seat large MPV manufactured by Kanto Auto Works under contract for Japanese automaker Toyota. It is sold in Japan and was launched in September 2004. It features sliding doors and is available with either front- or f ...

* Toyota Wish * WiLL VS

1ZZ-FBE

A special modified variation of the 1ZZ-FE that can run on E100 Ethanol. Applications: *

Toyota Corolla The is a series of compact cars (formerly Subcompact car, subcompact) manufactured and marketed globally by the Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. Introduced in 1966, the Corolla was the best-selling car worldwide by 1974 and has bee ...

(Brazil only)

LJ479Q

An internal code of the 1ZZ-FE engine for

SAIC-GM-Wuling SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Co., Ltd. ( zh, 上汽通用五菱汽车股份有限公司, abbreviated as SGMW) is a joint venture between SAIC Motor, General Motors, and Guangxi Automobile Group, Guangxi Auto (previously Wuling Group). Based in Li ...

cars. Applications: * Baojun 530 *

Baojun 560 The Baojun 560 is a compact crossover SUV produced by SAIC-GM-Wuling through the Baojun brand. Overview The Baojun 560 was powered by a 1.8 liter inline-four petrol engine code named LJ479QNE2 mated to a 5-speed manual transmission, a 6-speed ma ...

* Baojun 730/Wuling Cortez * Wuling Rongguang truck * Wuling Zhengcheng

Excessive oil consumption issues

The 1ZZ engines (particularly the 1ZZ-FE) was notoriously known for excess oil consumption, especially in earlier models from the 1990s to the 2000s. The problem stemmed from an inherent design flaw in the engine with its undersized piston rings and insufficient oil drainage holes in the pistons. Over time, this led to oil blow-by, where excessive oil would enter the combustion chamber, causing the engine to start burning oil. Owners often reported needing to add oil between changes, with some engines consuming up to a quart every 1,000 miles. This leads to shortened oil changes, significantly increasing running costs and hassle. Though later models received improvements, this issue remains a significant concern for 1ZZ engines of that era.

2ZZ

2ZZ-GE

The 2ZZ-GE is a version built in Japan, in collaboration with

Yamaha Motor Corporation is a Japanese mobility manufacturer that produces motorcycles, motorboats, outboard motors, and other motorized products. The company was established in the year 1955 upon separation from Nippon Gakki Co., Ltd. (currently Yamaha Corporation) ...

. Bore x stroke is . It uses Multi-point Fuel Injection, VVTL-i, and features forged steel

s. Compression ratio is 11.5:1, necessitating high-octane gasoline (91 octane or above in the (R+M)/2 scale used in North America"The Next Band Wagons" - ''Motor Trend'', Chris Walton. May 2002). Power output for this engine varies depending on the vehicle and tuning, with the Celica GT-S, Corolla T-Sport,

and

Lotus Exige The Lotus Exige is a sports car made by the British company Lotus Cars from 2000 until 2021. Originally a coupé version of the Lotus Elise roadster, since the Series 3 the Exige has been the larger-engined model of the family, featuring a V6 ...

offering , whereas the American versions of the 2003 Matrix and Pontiac Vibe versions produce @ 7,600 rpm and @ 6800 rpm, with all later years offering anywhere from in 2004 to in 2006 due to a recurved powerband. The differing power figures from 2004 through 2006 are due to changes in

dynamometer A dynamometer or "dyno" is a device for simultaneously measuring the torque and rotational speed ( RPM) of an engine, motor or other rotating prime mover so that its instantaneous power may be calculated, and usually displayed by the dyna ...

testing procedures. Due to noise regulations, Toyota recalled them for a flash of the

PCM Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to Digital signal (signal processing), digitally represent analog signals. It is the standard form of digital audio in computers, compact discs, digital telephony and other digital audio application ...

to up their output to classify them in the more lenient "sports car" noise category. The Australian variant Corolla Sportivo produces at 7,600 rpm and of torque. The Corolla Compressor and

S add a

supercharger In an internal combustion engine, a supercharger compresses the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement (engine), displacement. It is a form of forced induction that is mechanically ...

with

intercooler An intercooler is a heat exchanger used to cool a gas after compression. Often found in turbocharged engines, intercoolers are also used in air compressors, air conditioners, refrigeration and gas turbines. Internal combustion engines Mo ...

to achieve , while the Exige 240R's supercharger increases output to . The addition of a non-intercooled supercharger to the Elise SC produces with a considerable weight saving. The supercharged engines are not labeled with the "Z" suffix as would be expected in other supercharged Toyota engines (i.e. the supercharged 2ZZ-GE is not named as "2ZZ-G''Z''E"). Toyota commissioned Yamaha to design the 2ZZ-GE, based on Toyota's ZZ block, for high-RPM operation and producing a power peak near the top of the RPM range. The high-pressure die-cast aluminum alloy engine block of the 2ZZ-GE featured cylinder walls with Metal Matrix Composite (MMC), which is a reinforcement material composed of ceramic parts and fibers. Unique to the ZZ family, the 2ZZ-GE utilizes a dual camshaft profile system (the "L" in

VVTL-i VVT-i, or Variable Valve Timing with intelligence, is an automobile variable valve timing petrol engine technology manufactured by Toyota Group and used by brands Groupe PSA (Peugeot and Citroen), Toyota, Lexus, Scion, Daihatsu, Suba ...

, known by enthusiasts and engineers alike as "lift" similar to Honda's

VTEC VTEC (described as ''Variable Valve Timing & Lift Electronic Control'', but stands for ''Valve Timing Electronically Controlled'') is a system developed by Honda to improve the volumetric efficiency of a four-stroke internal combustion engine, r ...

) to produce the added power without an increase in displacement or forced induction. The 2ZZ-GE was the first production engine to combine cam-phasing variable valve timing with dual-profile variable valve lift in the American market. The table below lists the specifications of the two camshaft profiles. The high-output cam profile is not activated until approximately 6,200 rpm, (lift set-points are between 6,000–6,700 rpm depending on the vehicle) and will not engage until the engine has reached at least . The Toyota PCM electronically limits RPM to about 8,200 RPM via fuel and/or spark cut. The "lift" engagement and the engine redline vary by application. Lotus 2ZZ-GEs are rev limited to 8,500 RPM, for example, whereas Celicas were rev limited to 7,900 to 8,200 RPM in North America, depending on the model year. The first Japanese versions were rev limited to 8,600 rpm with a peak of . Consequently, it is impossible to "over-rev" the engine with the throttle alone; a downshift from a higher gear must be involved. A typical "over-rev" can damage the oil pump, commonly disintegrating the lobe ring, resulting in damage similar to the picture at right. The oil pump is the Achilles heel of the 2ZZ, though incidents are rare and usually occur due to fault of the driver. Even the briefest period of oil starvation is usually fatal to this engine design. For the first few years of production, the engines were notorious for failing "lift bolts". This did not damage the engine, but would hamper performance as the high output cam profile was unable to properly engage. Toyota fixed the problem in late 2002 with a redesigned bolt that was installed on later engines. Earlier engines with the problematic bolts can be fixed via a Toyota-issued TSB simply requiring the new bolt to be installed in place of the old one. The 2004 and newer Matrix and Corolla XRS models were equipped with smog pumps and have an extra hole above each exhaust port in the engine head and manifold where air is injected to achieve complete fuel burning before the exhaust stream reaches the catalyst. All 2ZZ-GE heads from 03/03 onwards carry this modification even if the vehicle does not have the air injection system. The 2ZZ-GE remains as one of the highest output per liter and the highest revving mass production engines ever made. It has won the

International Engine of the Year The International Engine of the Year was an annual competition for automotive industry internal combustion engines and electric motors, judged by a panel of automobile journalists from around the world. It is organised by UKi Media & Events' Autom ...

category for 1.4 to 1.8-liter engines in 2002 in recognition of its incredible power output. Applications: *

''SS-II'': Japan, *

''TRD M Sport'' (Japan, )) *

''GT-S'' (USA, ) *

''190''/''T-Sport'' (UK, ) *

''SX'' (Australia, /) *

''ZR'' (Australia, /) * Toyota Corolla ''Sportivo'' (Australia, /) *

''T Sport'': Europe, * Toyota Corolla (E120) ''T Sport Compressor'': Europe, supercharged, * Toyota Corolla ''XRS'' (USA, ) * Toyota Corolla Fielder ''Z Aero Tourer'': Japan, * Toyota Corolla "RunX Z Aero Tourer": Japan, * Toyota Corolla RunX ''RSi'' (South Africa, /) * Toyota Matrix ''XRS'' (USA, ) * Pontiac Vibe ''GT'' (USA, ) * Toyota Voltz ''Z'': Japan, * WiLL VS 1.8 *

(North America/UK, ) *

(USA/UK, 190 hp NA & 243 hp

supercharged In an internal combustion engine, a supercharger compresses the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement. It is a form of forced induction that is mechanically powered (usually by ...

) * Lotus Exige CUP 260 (USA/UK, supercharged, ) * Lotus 2-Eleven (USA/UK, supercharged, )

3ZZ

3ZZ-FE

The 3ZZ-FE is a version built in Japan, used in several Toyota models sold in Asian countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan, Taiwan and China, Sri Lanka, parts of Europe and the Middle East, Brazil and South Africa from 2000 to 2012. Bore and stroke is , output is at 6,000 rpm, and torque is at 4,400 rpm. It features SMP pistons, which are also used on the 1ZZ-FE. The preferred engine oil is 5W-30 API grade SL/SM. Applications: * Toyota Corolla (E110); facelift (Europe, Middle East, Oceania) * Toyota Corolla (E120) (Europe) * Toyota Corolla Altis (E120/E140) (Asia) * Toyota Corolla SE Saloon (E120) (Pakistan) * Toyota Corolla EX (E120) (China; until the late 2000s) * Toyota Corolla XLi (E120) (Brazil) * Toyota Corolla ''160'' and RunX ''160'' (

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...

) * Toyota Corolla Verso * Toyota Avensis (T220); facelift (Europe) *

Toyota Avensis (T250) The is a mid-size/ large family car built in Derbyshire, United Kingdom by the Japanese automaker Toyota from October 1997 to August 2018. It was the direct successor to the European Carina E and was available as a four-door saloon, five-door ...

(Europe)

4ZZ

4ZZ-FE

The 4ZZ-FE is a version. Bore and stroke is . Output is at 6000 rpm with of torque at 4400 rpm. Applications: *

(2000 facelift) * Toyota Corolla (E120) * Toyota Corolla (E140) *

Toyota Auris The is a compact car derived from the Corolla, manufactured and sold by Toyota. Introduced in 2006, the first generation three/five-door hatchback shared the platform with the E150 series Corolla, while the second generation five-door hatchb ...

References

External links

*
ZZ-GE Tech Notes

Toyota Paper: Development of the High Speed 2ZZ-GE Engine
{{DEFAULTSORT:Toyota Zz Engine Zz Straight-four engines Gasoline engines by model