*
acpi — Show status of power sources and thermal devices.
*
adduser,
addgroup — Add a user or group to the system.
*
ar — Create, modify, and extract from archives.
*
arch
An arch is a curved vertical structure spanning an open space underneath it. Arches may support the load above them, or they may perform a purely decorative role. As a decorative element, the arch dates back to the 4th millennium BC, but stru ...
— Print machine (hardware) name, same as uname -m.
*
arp — The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
*
arping — Send ARP REQUEST to a neighbour host
* ascii — Display
ASCII
ASCII ( ), an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for representing a particular set of 95 (English language focused) printable character, printable and 33 control character, control c ...
character set.
*
at — Execute commands at a later time.
*
awk — pattern scanning and processing language.
*
base32
Base32 is an encoding method based on the Radix, base-32 numeral system. It uses an alphabet of 32 Numerical digit, digits, each of which represents a different combination of 5 bits (25). Since base32 is not very widely adopted, the question of no ...
— Encode or decode in base32.
*
base64
In computer programming, Base64 is a group of binary-to-text encoding schemes that transforms binary data into a sequence of printable characters, limited to a set of 64 unique characters. More specifically, the source binary data is taken 6 bits ...
— Encode or decode in base64.
*
basename — Return non-directory portion of a pathname removing suffix.
*
bc — Arbitrary-precision arithmetic language.
*
blkdiscard — Discard device sectors.
*
blkid — Print type, label and UUID of filesystem on a block device or image.
* — Call ioctls on each listed block device.
*
bunzip2 — Decompress bzip2 files.
* — Decompress bzip2 files to stdout.
*
cal Cal or CAL may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Cal'' (novel), a 1983 novel by Bernard MacLaverty
* "Cal" (short story), a science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov
* ''Cal'' (1984 film), an Irish drama starring John Lynch and Helen Mir ...
— Print a calendar.
*
cat — Copy (concatenate) files to stdout.
*
cd — Change the working directory.
*
chattr — Change file attributes on a Linux file system.
*
chgrp
, short for change group, is a shell command for changing the group associated with a Unix-based file system file including special files such as directories. Changing the group of a file is restricted to a super-user (such as via ) or to ...
— Change group of one or more files.
*
chmod
is a shell command for changing access permissions and special mode flags of files (including special files such as directories). The name is short for ''change mode'' where ''mode'' refers to the permissions and flags collectively.
The co ...
— Change mode of listed files.
*
chown
, short for change owner, is a shell command for changing the owning user of Unix-based file system files including special files such as directories.
The ownership of a file may only be altered by a super-user (such as via sudo). A reg ...
— Change owner of one or more files.
*
chroot
chroot is a shell (computer), shell command (computing), command and a system call on Unix and Unix-like operating systems that changes the apparent root directory for the current running process and its Child process, children. A program that i ...
— Run command within a new root directory.
*
chrt — Get/set a process' real-time scheduling policy and priority.
*
chsh — Change your login shell.
* — Change to virtual terminal number N.
*
cksum — For each file, output crc32 checksum value, length and name of file.
*
clear — Clear the screen.
*
cmp — Compare the contents of two files.
*
comm — Select or reject lines common to two files.
*
count
Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York: ...
— Copy stdin to stdout, displaying simple progress indicator to stderr.
*
cp — Copy files.
*
cpio
cpio is a general file archiver utility and its associated file format. It is primarily installed on Unix-like computer operating systems. The software utility was originally intended as a tape archiving program as part of the Programmer's Work ...
— Copy files into and out of a "newc" format cpio archive.
*
crc32
Computation of a cyclic redundancy check is derived from the mathematics of polynomial division, modulo two. In practice, it resembles long division of the binary message string, with a fixed number of zeroes appended, by the "generator poly ...
— Output crc32 checksum for each file.
*
cut — Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output.
*
dd — Convert and copy a file.
*
date — Set/get the current date/time.
*
devmem — Read/write physical address via /dev/mem.
*
df — Shows total/used/available disk space for each filesystem listed on the command line, or all currently mounted filesystems.
*
diff
In computing, the utility diff is a data comparison tool that computes and displays the differences between the contents of files. Unlike edit distance notions used for other purposes, diff is line-oriented rather than character-oriented, but i ...
- Compare two files.
*
dirname — Show directory portion of path.
*
dmesg — Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
*
dnsdomainname — Show domain this system belongs to (same as hostname -d).
*
dos2unix — Convert newline format from dos "\r\n" to unix "\n".
*
du — Show disk usage, space consumed by files and directories.
*
echo — Write each argument to stdout, with one space between each, followed by a newline.
*
egrep
grep is a command-line utility for searching plaintext datasets for lines that match a regular expression. Its name comes from the ed command g/re/p (global regular expression search and print), which has the same effect. grep was originally de ...
— Show lines matching extended regular expressions.
*
eject — Eject DEVICE or default /dev/cdrom.
*
env — Set the environment for command invocation, or list environment variables.
*
expand — Expand tabs to spaces according to tabstops.
*
factor — Factor integers.
*
fallocate — Tell the filesystem to allocate space for a file.
*
false — Return nonzero.
*
fdisk — Manipulate disk partition table.
*
fgrep
grep is a command line interface, command-line utility for searching plaintext datasets for lines that match a regular expression. Its name comes from the ed (text editor), ed command g/re/p (global regular expression search and print), which has ...
— Show lines matching regular expressions.
*
file — Examine the given files and describe their content types.
*
find — Search directories for matching files.
*
flock — Manage advisory file locks.
*
fold — Filter for folding lines.
*
fmt — Reformat input to wordwrap at a given line length, preserving existing indentation level, writing to stdout.
*
free — Display the total, free and used amount of physical memory and swap space.
*
freeramdisk — Free all memory allocated to specified ramdisk.
* — Freeze or unfreeze a filesystem.
* — Print type of filesystem on a block device or image.
*
fsync — Synchronize a file's in-core state with storage device.
*
ftpget — Use File Transfer Protocol (FTP) to get a file from an FTP server.
*
ftpput — Use File Transfer Protocol (FTP) to put a file to an FTP server.
*
getconf — Get system configuration values.
*
getopt — Parse command line options and parameters.
*
grep — Show lines matching regular expressions.
*
groups — Print the groups a user is in.
*
gunzip — Decompress gz files.
*
halt — Restart, halt or powerdown the system.
*
head
A head is the part of an organism which usually includes the ears, brain, forehead, cheeks, chin, eyes, nose, and mouth, each of which aid in various sensory functions such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste. Some very simple ani ...
— Copy first lines from files to stdout.
*
help
Help may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
* Help (2010 film), ''Help'' (2010 film), a Bollywood horror film
* Help (2021 theatrical film), ''Help'' (2021 theatrical film), a British psychological thriller film
* Help (2021 TV ...
— Show usage information for toybox commands.
*
hexedit — Hexadecimal file editor.
*
hostname — Get/set the current hostname.
* — Get/set the hardware clock.
*
i2cdetect — Detect i2c devices.
*
i2cdump — Dump i2c registers.
*
i2cget — Read an i2c register.
*
i2cset — Write an i2c register.
*
iconv — Convert character encoding of files.
*
id — Print user and group ID.
*
ifconfig
ifconfig (short for ''interface config'') is a system administration utility in Unix-like operating systems for network interface configuration.
The utility is a command-line interface
A command-line interface (CLI) is a means of inter ...
— Display or configure network interface.
* — Run a program when a filesystem event occurs.
*
insmod — Load the module named MODULE passing options if given.
*
install — Copy files and set attributes.
*
ionice — Change the I/O scheduling priority of a process.
* — Display or change I/O priority of existing process.
*
iotop — Rank processes by I/O.
*
kill — Send signal to process.
*
killall — Send a signal (default: TERM) to all processes with the given names.
*
killall5 — Send a signal to all processes outside current session.
*
less — opposite of more
*
link — Create hardlink to a file.
*
ln — Create a link between FROM and TO.
*
logger — Log message (or stdin) to syslog.
*
login
In computer security, logging in (or logging on, signing in, or signing on) is the process by which an individual gains access to a computer system or program by identifying and authenticating themselves.
Typically, user credential ...
— Log in as a user, prompting for username and password if necessary.
*
logname — Print the current user name.
*
losetup — Associate a loopback device with a file, or show current file (if any) associated with a loop device.
*
ls — List files.
*
lsattr — List file attributes on a Linux file system.
*
lsmod — Display the currently loaded modules, their sizes and their dependencies.
*
lspci — List PCI devices.
*
lsusb — List USB hosts/devices.
* — Create a range of special files as specified in a device table.
*
mcookie — Generate a 128-bit strong random number.
*
md5sum — Calculate md5 hash for each input file, reading from stdin if none.
* memeater — Internally allocate and use memory.
*
microcom — Simple serial console.
*
mix — List OSS sound channels (module snd-mixer-oss), or set volumes.
*
mkdir
(make directory) command (computing), command in the Unix, DOS, Digital Research, DR FlexOS, IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows, and ReactOS operating systems is used to make a new directory (file systems), directory. It is also available in the Unified ...
— Create one or more directories.
*
mkfifo — Create FIFOs (named pipes).
*
mknod — Create a special file NAME with a given type.
*
mkpasswd — Crypt PASSWORD using crypt(3).
*
mkswap — Set up a Linux swap area on a device or file.
*
mktemp — Safely create a new file "DIR/TEMPLATE" and print its name.
*
modinfo — Display module fields for modules specified by name or .ko path.
*
mount — Mount new filesystems on directories.
*
mountpoint — Check whether the directory or device is a mountpoint.
*
mv — Move files.
*
nbd-client — Connect to an NBD server.
*
nc/
netcat — Forward stdin/stdout to a file or network connection.
*
netstat
In computing, netstat is a command-line network utility that displays open network sockets, routing tables, and a number of network interface (network interface controller or software-defined network interface) and network protocol statistic ...
— Display networking information.
*
nice
Nice ( ; ) is a city in and the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative city limits, with a population of nearly one million[nl — Number lines of input.
* nohup — Run a command that survives the end of its terminal.
* nproc — Print number of processors.
* — Run COMMAND in an existing (set of) namespaces.
* od — Dump data in octal/hex.
* oneit — Simple init program that runs a single supplied command line
* partprobe — Tell the kernel about partition table changes.
* passwd — Update user's authentication tokens.
* paste — Merge corresponding lines from each input file.
* patch — Apply a unified diff to one or more files.
* ]pgrep
pgrep is a command-line utility initially written for use with the Solaris 7 operating system by Mike Shapiro. It has since been available in illumos and reimplemented for the Linux and BSDs ( DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD). ...
— Search for process(es).
* — Print the PIDs of all processes with the given names.
* ping — Check network connectivity by sending packets to a host and reporting its response.
* pivot root — Swap OLD and NEW filesystems (as if by simultaneous mount—move), and move all processes with chdir or chroot under OLD into NEW (including kernel threads) so OLD may be unmounted.
* pkill — look up or signal processes based on name and other
* pmap — Report the memory map of a process or processes.
* poweroff — Restart, halt or powerdown the system.
* printenv — Print environment variables.
* printf — Format and print ARGUMENT according to FORMAT, using C printf syntax.
* prlimit — Print or set resource limits for process number PID.
* ps — List processes.
* pwd — Print working (current) directory.
* pwdx — Print working directory of processes listed on command line.
* readahead — Preload files into disk cache.
* readlink — Show what symlink points to.
* realpath — Display the canonical absolute pathname
* reboot — Restart, halt or powerdown the system.
* renice — set nice values of running processes
* reset — Reset the terminal.
* rev — Output each line reversed, when no files are given stdin is used.
* rfkill — Enable/disable wireless devices.
* rm — Remove each argument from the filesystem.
* rmdir
In computing, rmdir (or rd) is a command which will remove an empty directory on various operating systems.
Implementations
The command is available in Unix (e.g. macOS, Solaris, AIX, HP-UX), Unix-like (e.g. FreeBSD, Linux), DOS, Digital ...
— Remove one or more directories.
* rmmod — Unload the module named MODULE from the Linux kernel.
* rtcwake — Enter the given sleep state until the given time.
* sed — Stream editor.
* seq — Count from first to last, by increment.
* setfattr — Write POSIX extended attributes.
* setsid — Run process in a new session.
* sha1sum — Calculate sha hash for each input file, reading from stdin if none.
* shred — Securely delete a file by overwriting its contents with random data.
* sleep
Sleep is a state of reduced mental and physical activity in which consciousness is altered and certain Sensory nervous system, sensory activity is inhibited. During sleep, there is a marked decrease in muscle activity and interactions with th ...
— Wait before exiting.
* sntp — Simple Network Time Protocol client.
* sort — Sort all lines of text from input files (or stdin) to stdout.
* split — Copy INPUT (or stdin) data to a series of OUTPUT (or "x") files with alphabetically increasing suffix (aa, ab, ac... az, ba, bb...).
* stat — Display status of files or filesystems.
* strings — Display printable strings in a binary file
* su — Switch user, prompting for password of new user when not run as root.
* swapoff — Disable swapping on a given swapregion.
* swapon — Enable swapping on a given device/file.
* switch root — Use from PID 1 under initramfs to free initramfs, chroot to NEW_ROOT, and exec NEW_INIT.
* sync — Write pending cached data to disk (synchronize), blocking until done.
* sysctl — Read/write system control data (under /proc/sys).
* tac — Output lines in reverse order.
* tail
The tail is the elongated section at the rear end of a bilaterian animal's body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage extending backwards from the midline of the torso. In vertebrate animals that evolution, evolved to los ...
— Copy last lines from files to stdout.
* tar — Create, extract, or list files in a .tar (or compressed t?z) file.
* taskset — Launch a new task which may only run on certain processors, or change the processor affinity of an existing PID.
* tee — Copy stdin to each listed file, and also to stdout.
* test — Return true or false by performing tests.
* time
Time is the continuous progression of existence that occurs in an apparently irreversible process, irreversible succession from the past, through the present, and into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequ ...
— Run command line and report real, user, and system time elapsed in seconds.
* timeout — Run command line as a child process, sending child a signal if the command doesn't exit soon enough.
* top
Top most commonly refers to:
* Top, a basic term of orientation, distinguished from bottom, front, back, and sides
* Spinning top, a ubiquitous traditional toy
* Top (clothing), clothing designed to be worn over the torso
* Mountain top, a moun ...
— Show process activity in real time.
* touch
The somatosensory system, or somatic sensory system is a subset of the sensory nervous system. The main functions of the somatosensory system are the perception of external stimuli, the perception of internal stimuli, and the regulation of bo ...
— Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time.
* true
True most commonly refers to truth, the state of being in congruence with fact or reality.
True may also refer to:
Places
* True, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in the United States
* True, Wisconsin, a town in the United States
* ...
— Return zero.
* truncate — Set length of files, extending sparsely if necessary.
* ts — timestamp standard input.
* tsort — Topologically sort for dependency resolution.
* tty — Show filename of terminal connected to stdin.
* — Create and delete tun/tap virtual Ethernet devices.
* ulimit — Print or set resource limits for process number PID.
* umount — Unmount the listed filesystems.
* uname — Print system information.
* unicode
Unicode or ''The Unicode Standard'' or TUS is a character encoding standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium designed to support the use of text in all of the world's writing systems that can be digitized. Version 16.0 defines 154,998 Char ...
— universal character set.
* uniq — Report or filter out repeated lines in a file.
* unix2dos — Convert newline format from unix "\n" to dos "\r\n".
* unlink — Delete one file.
* unshare — Create new container namespace for this process and its children, so some attribute is not shared with the parent process.
* uptime — Tell the current time, how long the system has been running, the number of users, and the system load averages for the past 1, 5 and 15 minutes.
* usleep — Pause for MICROSECONDS microseconds.
* uudecode — Decode a uuencoded file.
* uuencode — Encode a binary file.
* — Create and print a new RFC4122 random UUID.
* vconfig — Create and remove virtual Ethernet devices.
* vmstat — Print virtual memory statistics.
* w — Show who is logged on and since how long they logged in.
* watch
A watch is a timepiece carried or worn by a person. It is designed to maintain a consistent movement despite the motions caused by the person's activities. A wristwatch is worn around the wrist, attached by a watch strap or another type of ...
— Run PROG every -n seconds, showing output.
* wc — Count lines, words, and characters in input.
* which
Which may refer to:
* a relative pronoun
* an English interrogative word
* which (command), an operating system command
* Which?, a UK charity and its magazine
See also
* English relative clauses
Relative clauses in the English language are ...
— Search $PATH for executable files matching filenames.
* watchdog — software watchdog daemon.
* who — Print information about logged in users.
* whoami — Print the current user name.
* xargs — Run command line one or more times, appending arguments from stdin.
* xxd — Hexdump a file to stdout.
* yes — Repeatedly output line until killed.
* zcat — Decompress gz files to stdout.