Tosa Domain

The was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, controlling all of Tosa Province in what is now Kōchi Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It was centered around Kōchi Castle, and was ruled throughout its history by the '' tozama daimyō'' Yamauchi clan. Many people from the domain played important roles in events of the late Edo period including Nakahama Manjirō, Sakamoto Ryōma, Yui Mitsue, Gotō Shōjirō, Itagaki Taisuke, Nakae Chōmin, and Takechi Hanpeita. Tosa Domain was renamed during the early Meiji period until it was dissolved in the abolition of the han system in 1871 and became Kōchi Prefecture.

History

At the end of the Sengoku period, the Chōsokabe clan ruled Tosa Province. The Chōsokabe had briefly controlled the entire island of Shikoku under Chōsokabe Motochika from 1583 until he was defeated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the Invasion of Shikoku in 1585. Motochika fought for Hideyoshi in the Kyushu Campaign and the invasions of Korea. However, next ''daimyō'' Chōsokabe Morichika joined the pro- Toyotomi Western Army at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and was subsequently deprived of his title, and later his life. The victorious Tokugawa shogunate ordered Yamauchi Kazutoyo, lord of Kakegawa Castle in Tōtōmi Province to take control of the province as ''daimyō'' of the newly created Tosa Domain, with a nominal '' kokudaka'' of 202,600 '' koku''.M. B. Jensen, ''The making of modern Japan'', (Harvard University Press, 2002), pp. 51–52 The Chōsokabe's former retainers were extremely hostile to the new regime, while Tosa peasants feared increased exploitation under the new lord and many fled across to the neighboring domains. Kazutoyo came in with only 158 mounted men, and had to petition the new government of the Tokugawa shogunate for help in pacifying his new domain. This was achieved by "ruse and violence ... Two boatloads containing 273 heads were sent to Tokugawa headquarters to demonstrate Yamauchi efficiency, and another 73 dissidents were crucified on the beach," however, stories that the Yamauchi invited major Chōsokabe retainers to a fake sumo tournament and had them massacred are believed to have been later fabrications.

In any event, most of the old vassals of the Chōsokabe, who were half-peasants and half-soldiers, were allowed to remain as lower-ranked samurai within the new regime, with retainers of the Yamauchi clan monopolizing the senior position, and with the most senior Yamauchi retainers and clan members assisted to key points within the domain to prepare for rebellions. This discrimination between the old and the new retainers would persist during the Bakumatsu period and would be an increasing source of dissatisfaction with the lower-ranking samurai.

Initially, Yamauchi Kazutoyo made Urato Castle, the old stronghold of the Chōsokabe as his headquarters, but he soon found it too small, so he built Kōchi Castle and laid out a new castle town. Under his successor, Yamauchi Tadayoshi, new rice field development and new industries were promoted, and the clan's finances remained relatively stable until around the middle of the Edo period. The domain was always eager to raise its incomes; the expenses involved in its '' sankin kōtai'' obligation to live in the shogunate's capital of Edo in alternative years was extremely high due to the domain's geographic location, and the domain was constantly being called upon by the shogunate to provide labor for public works projects.

However, from around the Horeki era (1751 to 1764) onwards, the clan's administration was shaken by uprisings and peasants fleeing to other territories. The ninth ''daimyō'', Yamauchi Toyochika and the 13th ''daimyō'', Yamauchi Toyoteru attempted reforms based on fiscal frugality with limited success. In the Bakumatsu period, the 15th ''daimyō'', Yamauchi Toyoshige (also known as Yamauchi Yodo) appointed Yoshida Tōyō to undertake major reforms; however, he was assassinated by reactionary followers of Takechi Hanpeita who were against modernization. Subsequently, Yamauchi Toyoshige took action against Takechi's " Tosa Kinnō-tō" party and suppressed the '' Sonnō Jōi'' movement in the domain. Initially a strong supporter of the '' Kōbu gattai'' movement to join the shogunate with the Imperial House of Japan, he later led the domain into the Satchō Alliance and played a critical role in 1867 in advising Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu to carry out ''Taisei Hōkan'' (大政奉還), and to the return of power to the Emperor. In 1868, Tosa Domain was renamed "Kōchi Domain", which after the abolition of the han system in 1871, became Kōchi Prefecture. The Yamauchi clan was elevated to the rank of marquis in the ''kazoku'' system by the Peerage Order of 1884.

Holdings at the end of the Edo period

Unlike most domains in the han system, which consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned '' kokudaka'', based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields, Tosa Domain was a single unified holding. At the end of the 16th century, the Chōsokabe family's ''kokudaka'' of Tosa Province was only 98,000 ''koku'' per the Taiko land survey. The Yamauchi clan had an official ''kokudaka'' of 202,600 ''koku'', but when the rival Tokushima Domain gained Awaji Province in 1615 and raised its ''kokudaka'' from 170,000 to 257,000 ''koku'', Tosa Domain also demanded that its kokudaka be reassess as 257,000 ''koku'', so that it would not lose prestige and be considered inferior to Tokushima. The shogunate refused the demand and Tosa Domain remained at 202,600 ''koku''. However, this was an official, nominal, value, and the actual ''kokudaka'' of the domain is estimated to have been at least 494,000 ''koku''.

* Tosa Province (entire province)
**47 villages in Aki District
**30 villages in Kami District
**38 villages in Nagaoka District
**23 villages in Tosa District
**40 villages in Agawa District
**61 villages in Takaoka District
**109 villages in Hata District

List of daimyō

:

Subsidiary domains

Tosa Domain had two subsidiary domains:

Tosa-Nakamura Domain

was created in 1601 for Yamauchi Yasutoyo, brother of Kazutoyo and father of the 2nd daimyo, Tadayoshi. It had a ''kokudaka'' of 20,000 ''koku''. The domain was inherited by his son Masatomo, but went extinct in 1624. The domain was revived in 1658 for Yamauchi Tadayoshi's second son Tadanao, but as a 30,000 ''koku'' holding. It was abolished in 1689.

Tosa-Shinden Domain

was created in 1780 as a 13,000 ''koku'' holding for Yamauchi Toyotada, from a ''hatamoto'' branch of the clan descended from the former ''daimyō'' of Tosa-Nakamura Domain. It had '' kokudaka'' of 13,000 '' koku'' taken directly form the treasury of the parent domain, and thus did not have any physical estates. It was also not subject to '' sankin kōtai'', as its ''daimyō'' alway resided at the domain's mansion in the Azabu area of Edo. The domain was abolished and reincorporated back into Tosa Domain in 1870.

List of daimyō

:

Simplified genealogy of the Yamauchi ''daimyō'' of Tosa

*Yamauchi Moritoyo (1510 – )
** I. Kazutoyo, 1st ''daimyō'' of Tosa (cr. 1601) ( – 1605; r. 1601–1605)
**Yasutoyo (1549–1625)
*** II. Tadayoshi, 2nd ''daimyō'' of Tosa (1592–1665; r. 1605–1656)
**** III. Tadatoyo, 3rd ''daimyō'' of Tosa (1609–1669; r. 1656–1669)
***** IV. Toyomasa, 4th ''daimyō'' of Tosa (1641–1700; r. 1669–1700).
***Fukao Shigemasa (1598–1672). Adopted into the Fukao family
****Fukao Shigeteru
*****Fukao Shigenao
******Yamauchi Tadashige (1682–1721)
******* VIII. Toyonobu, 8th ''daimyō'' of Tosa (1712–1768; r. 1725–1767)
******** IX. Toyochika, 9th ''daimyō'' of Tosa (1750–1789; r. 1768–1789)
********* X. Toyokazu, 10th ''daimyō'' of Tosa (1773–1825; r. 1789–1808)
********** XI. Toyoaki, 11th ''daimyō'' of Tosa (1793–1809; r. 1808–1809).
********** XII. Toyosuke, 12th ''daimyō'' of Tosa (1794–1872; r. 1809–1843)
*********** XIII. Toyoteru, 13th ''daimyō'' of Tosa (1815–1848; r. 1843–1848)
*********** XIV. Toyoatsu, 14th ''daimyō'' of Tosa (1824–1848; r. 1848)
*********** XVI. Toyonori, 16th ''daimyō'', 16th family head, 1st Marquess (1846–1886; r. 1859–1869; Governor of Tosa 1869–1871; Marquess: 1884)
************XVII. Toyokage, 2nd Marquess, 17th family head (1875–1957; 2nd Marquess 1886–1947; 17th family head 1886–1957)
************Toyoshizu, 1st Baron Yamauchi (cr. 1906) (1883–1937)
*************XVIII. Toyoaki, 18th family head (1912–2003; 18th family head 1957–2003)
**************XIX. Toyokoto, 19th family head (b. 1940; 19th family head 2003– )
***************Toyohiro (b. 1978)
*************** Toyonao (b. 1979)
**********Toyoakira (1802–1859)
*********** XV. Toyoshige, 15th Lord of Tosa (1827–1872; r. 1849–1859)
***Kazutada (1600–1663)
****Kazutoshi (1649–1675)
***** V.Toyofusa, 5th ''daimyō'' of Tosa (1672–1706; r. 1700–1706)
***** VI. Toyotaka, 6th ''daimyō'' of Tosa (1673–1720; r. 1706–1720)
****** VII. Toyotsune, 7th ''daimyō'' of Tosa (1711–1725; r. 1720–1725).

Yamachi genealogy
/ref>

See also

* Abolition of the han system
* Yamauchi Chiyo
* List of Han
* Tosa Yamauchi Family Treasury and Archives

Notes

References

{{Authority control

Domains of Japan
History of Kōchi Prefecture
Tosa Province
Shikoku region
1601 establishments in Japan
States and territories established in 1601
1871 disestablishments in Japan
States and territories disestablished in 1871