''Torulaspora delbrueckii'' is a ubiquitous

yeast Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom (biology), kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are est ...

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

with both wild and anthropic habitats. The type strain of ''T. delbrueckii'' is CBS 1146^T, equivalent to CLIB 230 or ATCC 10662
etc.
The type strain of ''T. delbrueckii'' CBS 1146 ^T was sequenced in 2009, and is composed of 8 chromosomes in addition to a mitochondrial genome. ''Torulaspora delbrueckii'' was formerly known as ''Saccharomyces delbrueckii'' or ''Saccharomyces rosei'' or ''Saccharomyces roseus'', and the

anamorph In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota: *Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a fruiting body. *Anamorph: an ase ...

is called ''Candida colliculosa'' (for a complete list of synonyms, se
CBS's website
. ''Torulaspora delbrueckii'' is the most studied species of the genus '' Torulaspora'' that comprises eight species to date, including ''T. franciscae'', ''T. pretoriensis'', ''T. microellipsoides'', ''T. globosa'', ''T. indica'', ''T. maleeae'', and ''T. quercuum''. The taxonomy of the genus ''Torulaspora'' is evolving rapidly, and the availability of molecular tools to discriminate ''Torulaspora'' species will help correcting errors in species assignments.

Habitats

''Torulaspora delbrueckii'' is isolated from several human bioprocesses, including the bread industry where some ''T. delbrueckii'' strains are commercialized for

frozen dough The frozen dough is dough that have been frozen in order to decouple the dough preparation and baking processes of breadmaking (without freezing, the dough must be used quickly once prepared). The frozen dough is used for home baking and by small ...

applications. Other applications include food fermentations of

silage Silage is fodder made from green foliage crops which have been preserved by fermentation (food), fermentation to the point of souring. It is fed to cattle, sheep and other ruminants. The fermentation and storage process is called ''ensilage'', ' ...

, cocoa, olive or cucumber; distilled and traditional

fermented beverage This is a list of fermented foods, which are foods produced or preserved by the action of microorganisms. In this context, Fermentation in food processing, fermentation typically refers to the fermentation of sugar to ethanol, alcohol using yeas ...

production including mescal, colonche,

tequila Tequila (; ) is a liquor, distilled beverage made from the blue agave plant, primarily in the area surrounding the city of Tequila, Jalisco, Tequila northwest of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Guadalajara, and in the Jaliscan Highlands (''Los Altos (Jal ...

cider Cider ( ) is an alcoholic beverage made from the Fermented drink, fermented Apple juice, juice of apples. Cider is widely available in the United Kingdom (particularly in the West Country) and Ireland. The United Kingdom has the world's highest ...

, strawberry tree fruits juice, sugarcane juice or

kefir Kefir ( ; alternative spellings: kephir or kefier; ; ; ) is a Fermented milk products, fermented milk drink similar to a thin yogurt or ayran that is made from kefir grains, a specific type of mesophilic SCOBY, symbiotic culture. It is prep ...

;

dairy product Dairy products or milk products are food products made from (or containing) milk. The most common dairy animals are cow, water buffalo, goat, nanny goat, and Sheep, ewe. Dairy products include common grocery store food around the world such as y ...

s’ fermentations like traditional cheeses and fermented milk. ''Torulaspora delbrueckii'' can be an opportunistic spoilage yeast for

s or

soft drink A soft drink (see #Terminology, § Terminology for other names) is a class of non-alcoholic drink, usually (but not necessarily) Carbonated water, carbonated, and typically including added Sweetness, sweetener. Flavors used to be Natural flav ...

s (fruit juices, etc.). ''Torulaspora delbrueckii'' colonizes several natural environments, ranging from soils, to plants, fruits and insects. ''T.delbrueckii'' is occasionally found as a clinical isolate, although not considered to be a human pathogen, a state described as opportunistic pathogen.

Winemaking

''Torulaspora delbrueckii'' has been associated with

winemaking Winemaking, wine-making, or vinification is the production of wine, starting with the selection of the fruit, its Ethanol fermentation, fermentation into alcohol, and the bottling of the finished liquid. The history of wine-making stretches over ...

for decades and isolated either from

grape A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus ''Vitis''. Grapes are a non- climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters. The cultivation of grapes began approximately 8,0 ...

must Must is freshly crushed Juice, fruit juice (usually grape juice) that contains the skins, seeds, and stems of the fruit. The solid portion of the must is called pomace and typically makes up 7–23% of the total weight of the must. Making must ...

wine Wine is an alcoholic drink made from Fermentation in winemaking, fermented fruit. Yeast in winemaking, Yeast consumes the sugar in the fruit and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. Wine is most often made f ...

. ''Torulaspora delbrueckii'' is now proposed as starter culture (to be associated with ''S. cerevisiae'' in mixed cultures) for certain applications, particularly to reduce volatile acidity in high-sugar fermentations like in Sauternes wines. Recent findings show that ''T. delbrueckii'' species has been domesticated for winemaking and other human uses about 1900 and 4000 years ago respectively.

Life-cycle

The life-cycle of ''T. delbrueckii'' remains unclear. Some authors consider ''T. delbrueckii'' to be a haploid species, while more recent findings suggest ''T. delbrueckii'' have a mostly diploid

homothallic In fungi and algae, homothallism refers to the condition in which a single individual or thallus carries the genetic determinants (i.e., both mating types or sexes) required to undergo sexual reproduction without the need for a distinct mating partn ...

life. To date, the life-cycle of the species is not formally elucidated.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q733643 Saccharomycetaceae Yeasts used in brewing Winemaking Fungi described in 1904 Fungus species