Torlak Kemal, born as Samuel of Manisa (died 1419 in

Manisa Manisa () is a city in Turkey's Aegean Region and the administrative seat of Manisa Province, lying approximately 40 km northeast of the major city of İzmir. The city forms the urban part of the districts Şehzadeler and Yunusemre, with ...

), was one of the followers of

Sheikh Bedreddin Sheikh Bedreddin Mahmud bin Israel bin Abdulaziz (; 1359–1420) was an influential mystic, scholar, theologian, and revolutionary. He is best known for his role in a 1416 revolt against the Ottoman Empire, in which he and his disciples posed a se ...

. Together with Börklüce Mustafa, he led the Sheikh Bedreddin revolt.

Identity

Torlak Kemal, a

murid In Sufism, a (Arabic ) is a novice committed to spiritual enlightenment by (traversing a path) under a spiritual guide, who may take the title , or . A or Sufi follower only becomes a when he makes a pledge () to a . The equivalent Pers ...

(1359–1420), was known with his birth name Samuel of Manisa. He later converted to

Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...

and changed his name to Kemal and became a Torlak, a Kalenderis.

Death

Probably around the same time as Börklüce Mustafa, he started a rebellion in

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

. The uprising was a small one. It was crushed with violence by the Ottomans, and all the rebels were killed. It is unknown whether the rebellion was committed with the approval of Sheikh Bedreddin, but all sources agree on the fact that Börklüce Mustafa and Torlak Kemal were followers of Sheikh Bedreddin, a Muslim

Sufi Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are r ...

theologian, who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in 1416. In 1419, the rebellion was defeated, and Torlak Kemal was captured and executed by hanging in Manisa.

References

* Şaban Er, "Edirne-Simâvne Kâdîsı ve Emîri İsrâ’îl Oğlu Şeyh Bedreddîn Hakkında Son Söz", Kutupyıldızı Yayınları, İstanbul, Hazîran 2016 (Cildli 657 Sayfa, ) {{DEFAULTSORT:Kemal, Torlak 15th-century people from the Ottoman Empire Rebels from the Ottoman Empire 1419 deaths People executed by the Ottoman Empire by hanging History of Manisa