
Topeng (from ; ; ) is a dramatic form of
Indonesian dance in which one or more mask-wearing ornately costumed performers interpret traditional narratives concerning fabled kings, heroes, and myths, accompanied by
gamelan
Gamelan (; ; , ; ) is the traditional musical ensemble, ensemble music of the Javanese people, Javanese, Sundanese people, Sundanese, and Balinese people, Balinese peoples of Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussion instrument, per ...
or other traditional music instruments. Topeng dance is a typical Indonesian dance that can be found in various regions of Indonesia. Topeng dance has the main characteristic that the dancers use masks to cover their faces. The dance will usually be performed by one dancer or a group of dancers.
Topeng is widely used in dances that are part of traditional ceremonies or the retelling of ancient stories from the ancestors. It is believed that topeng is closely related to ancestral spirits, which are considered to be the interpretations of gods. In some tribes, topeng still adorns various daily artistic and customary activities. Topeng dance is a dance performance filled with meaningful symbols that are expected to be understood by the audience. These symbols are conveyed through the colors of the masks, the expressions of the masks, and the accompanying music. The meaning conveyed can be in the form of leadership values, love, wisdom, and many others expressed through the medium of dance movements.
In 2010, Topeng Cirebon from
Cirebon
Cirebon (, formerly rendered Cheribon or Chirebon in English) is a port city on the northern coast of the Indonesian island of Java. It is the only coastal city of West Java, located about 40 km west of the provincial border with Central J ...
,
West Java
West Java (, ) is an Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to t ...
was recognized as
a National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia by the
Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture.
Etymology
The term ''topeng'' is the
Javanese word for "
mask
A mask is an object normally worn on the face, typically for protection, disguise, performance, or entertainment, and often employed for rituals and rites. Masks have been used since antiquity for both ceremonial and practical purposes, ...
" or "dance-drama that uses the mask". In modern daily Javanese and Indonesian vocabulary, ''tari topeng'' or "topeng dance" refers to a dance or dance-drama performance that uses a mask.
History

Indonesian masked dance predates Hindu-Buddhist influences.
Native Indonesian
Native Indonesians, also known as ''Pribumi'' () are Indonesians whose ancestral roots lie mainly in the archipelago and consist of various ethnic groups, predominantly of Austronesian and Melanesian descent. In contrast are Indonesians of know ...
tribes still perform traditional masked-dances to represent nature, as the
Hudoq dance of the
Dayak people
The Dayak (; older spelling: Dajak) or Dyak or Dayuh are the native groups of Borneo. It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic groups, located principally in the central and southern interior of Borneo, each with its ...
of
Kalimantan
Kalimantan (; ) is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area, and consists of the provinces of Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan. The non-Ind ...
, or to represent
ancestor spirits. With the arrival of
Hinduism in the archipelago, the ''
Ramayana
The ''Ramayana'' (; ), also known as ''Valmiki Ramayana'', as traditionally attributed to Valmiki, is a smriti text (also described as a Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epic) from ancient India, one of the two important epics ...
'' and ''
Mahabharata
The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; , , ) is one of the two major Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epics of ancient India revered as Smriti texts in Hinduism, the other being the ''Ramayana, Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the events and aftermath of the Kuru ...
'' epics began to be performed in masked-dance.
The oldest known record that concerns ''Topeng dance'' is from the ninth century. Around 840 AD an Old Javanese (Kawi) inscriptions called Jaha Inscriptions issued by Maharaja Sri Lokapala form
Medang Kingdom in
Central Java
Central Java (, ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogya ...
mentions three sorts of performers: atapukan, aringgit, and abanol. ''Atapukan'' means Mask dance show, ''Aringgit'' means Wayang puppet show, and ''abanol'' means joke art.
On the inscription of Candi Perot (850 AD), the word "manapel" is written from the word "tapuk" or "tapel" which means mask. On the Bebetin inscription (896 AD) there is the word "patapukan" which means a mask association. In the Mantiasih inscription (904 AD) there are the terms "matapukan" and "manapukan" which means that they relate to the drama presentation of masks.
The most popular storyline of ''topeng'' dance, however, is derived from the locally developed Javanese
Panji cycles, based on the tales and romance of
Prince Panji and
Princess Chandra Kirana, set in the 12th-century
Kadiri kingdom.
One of the earliest written records of ''topeng'' dance is also found in the 14th-century poem ''
Nagarakretagama
The ''Nagarakretagama'' or ''Nagarakṛtāgama'', also known in Bali as ''Desawarnana'' or ''Deśavarṇana'', is an Old Javanese eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, a Javanese king of the Majapahit Empire. It was written on lontar as a ''kakawin'' by ...
'', which describes King
Hayam Wuruk
Hayam Vuruk ( Indonesian: ''Hayam Wuruk'', Sanskrit: हयम् वुरुक्, Kawi: ꦲꦪꦩ꧀ꦮꦸꦫꦸꦏ꧀) (1334–1389), also called Rajasanagara, Pa-ta-na-pa-na-wu, or Bhatara Prabhu after 1350, was a Javanese Hindu emperor fr ...
of
Majapahit
Majapahit (; (eastern and central dialect) or (western dialect)), also known as Wilwatikta (; ), was a Javanese people, Javanese Hinduism, Hindu-Buddhism, Buddhist thalassocracy, thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia based on the island o ...
— wearing a golden mask — as an accomplished ''topeng'' dancer. The current ''topeng'' dance form arose in the 15th century in
Java
Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, proje ...
and
Bali
Bali (English:; Balinese language, Balinese: ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller o ...
where it remains prevalent, but it is also found in other Indonesian islands — such as
Madura
is an list of islands of Indonesia, Indonesian island off the northeastern coast of Java. The island comprises an area of approximately (administratively including various smaller islands to the east, southeast and north that are administratively ...
(near East Java). Various ''topeng'' dances and styles have developed in various places in the Indonesian archipelago, notably in
Cirebon
Cirebon (, formerly rendered Cheribon or Chirebon in English) is a port city on the northern coast of the Indonesian island of Java. It is the only coastal city of West Java, located about 40 km west of the provincial border with Central J ...
,
Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta is the capital city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by Hamengkubuwono, a monarchy, Yogyakarta is regarded as an importan ...
,
Malang
Malang (; , ), historically known as Tumapel, is an inland List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, city in the Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of the Singhasari, Singhasari K ...
, and
Bali
Bali (English:; Balinese language, Balinese: ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller o ...
. The well-developed ''topeng'' technique is now studied in universities in Europe and America.
Variations
Balinese ''topeng''
It is believed that the use of masks is related to the cult of the ancestors, which considered dancers the interpreters of the gods. ''Topeng'' performances open with a series of non-speaking masked characters that may not be related to the story to be performed. These traditional masks often include ''Topeng Manis'' (a refined hero), ''Topeng Kras'' (a martial, authoritarian character), and ''Topeng Tua'' (an old man who may joke and draw out the audience).
The story is narrated from a ''penasar'', a jawless half-mask that enables the actor to speak clearly. In group ''topeng'', there are usually two ''penasars'' providing two points of view. The performance alternates between speaking and non-speaking characters and can include dance and fight sequences as well as special effects (sometimes provided by the
gamelan
Gamelan (; ; , ; ) is the traditional musical ensemble, ensemble music of the Javanese people, Javanese, Sundanese people, Sundanese, and Balinese people, Balinese peoples of Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussion instrument, per ...
). It is almost always wrapped up by a series of comic characters introducing their views. The narrators and comic characters frequently break Western conventions of storytelling by including current events or local gossip to get a laugh.
In ''topeng'', there is a conscious attempt to include many, sometimes contradictory, aspects of the human experience: the sacred and the profane, beauty and ugliness, refinement and caricature. A detailed description and analysis of ''topeng pajegan'', the one-man form of ''topeng'', is available in ''Masked Performance'' by
John Emigh, a Western theater professor who has become a performer of Balinese ''topeng''.
File:Tari Topeng at Bangli, Bali.jpg, Topeng Tua
File:Bali-Danse 0710a.jpg, Topeng Telek
File:Bersiap Untuk Menampilkan Tarian Topeng Sidakarya.jpg, Topeng Sidakarya
Banjarese ''topeng''
The ''topeng'' also calls ''topeng barikin'' from South Kalimantan.
Batak ''topeng''
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Batak maskerdans tijdens een dodenfeest TMnr 60045322.jpg, Batak masked dance during the festival of the dead, circa 1930
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Batak maskerdans tijdens een dodenfeest TMnr 60045324.jpg, Topeng Batak
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gemaskerde dansers Karolanden TMnr 10017909.jpg, Topeng Batak
Betawi ''topeng''

Betawi mask dance or ''tari topeng Betawi'' is a theatrical form of
dance-drama of
the Betawi people in
Jakarta
Jakarta (; , Betawi language, Betawi: ''Jakartè''), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (; ''DKI Jakarta'') and formerly known as Batavia, Dutch East Indies, Batavia until 1949, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia and ...
,
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
. This dance-drama encompasses dance, music, ''bebodoran'' (comedy) and ''lakon'' (drama). The Betawi mask dance demonstrates the theme of Betawi society life which is represented in the form of dance and drama. It is called mask dance because the dancers use ''topeng'' (mask) during dancing and Betawi people believed that the ''topeng'' has magical powers.
Sundanese & Cirebonese (West Java) ''topeng''
Cirebonese ''topeng'' dance is a local indigenous art form of
Cirebon
Cirebon (, formerly rendered Cheribon or Chirebon in English) is a port city on the northern coast of the Indonesian island of Java. It is the only coastal city of West Java, located about 40 km west of the provincial border with Central J ...
in Java, including
Indramayu
Indramayu (; zh, 南麻由), named after the God Indra, is a town and district which serves as the capital of Indramayu Regency in the West Java province of Indonesia, and is located in the northern coastal area of West Java, east from Jakarta, ...
and
Jatibarang,
West Java
West Java (, ) is an Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to t ...
, and
Brebes
Brebes (, , ) is a regency () in the northwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia. It covers an area of 1,769.62 km2, and it had a population of 1,733,869 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 1,978,759 at ...
,
Central Java
Central Java (, ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogya ...
. There is a lot of variety in Cirebon mask dance, both in terms of the dance style and the stories to be conveyed. The mask dance can be performed by solo dancers or it can be performed by several people. Graceful hand and body movements, and musical accompaniment dominated by drums and fiddle, are hallmarks of the art form. Cirebon mask dance might depict the story of
Prince Panji from 15th-century East Java, or another
Majapahit
Majapahit (; (eastern and central dialect) or (western dialect)), also known as Wilwatikta (; ), was a Javanese people, Javanese Hinduism, Hindu-Buddhism, Buddhist thalassocracy, thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia based on the island o ...
story. ''Topeng Klana Kencana Wungu'' is a Cirebon mask dance in the
Parahyangan
Parahyangan () or Priangan ( Sundanese script: ) is a cultural and mountainous region in West Java province on the Indonesian island of Java. Covering a little less than one-sixth of Java, it is the heartland of Sundanese people and their cultur ...
mask style that depicts the story of Queen Kencana Wungu of Majapahit being chased by the grotesque and rough King Minak Jingga of
Blambangan
The Blambangan Kingdom ( Indonesian: ''Kerajaan Blambangan'', Javanese: ꦑꦼꦫꦗꦲꦤ꧀ꦨ꧀ꦭꦩ꧀ꦧꦔꦤ꧀) was the last Javanese Hindu kingdom that flourished between the 15th and 18th centuries, based in the eastern corner of ...
. The
Sundanese ''topeng kandaga'' dance is similar to and influenced by Cirebon ''topeng'', where the dancers wear red masks and costumes.
File:Tari Topeng Cirebon.jpg, Topeng Panji
File:Topeng Kandaga Saung Angklung Udjo.JPG, Topeng Cirebon Performance
File:Wajah topeng.jpg, Topeng Klana
Dayak ''topeng''
''Hudoq'' is a masked dance performed during
the Erau harvest Thanksgiving festival of many sub-groups of the
Dayak ethnic group of
East Kalimantan province,
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
. The ''Hudoq'' culture and performance are indigenous among the Dayak population of
East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan (Indonesian language, Indonesian: ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo/Kalimantan. It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 census (within the cu ...
province.
File:KITLV - 25784 - Demmeni, J. - Mask Dance of Kayan men on the Bloeoe River, Upper Mahakam, Central Borneo, on the occasion of the seed sowing festival. The entire body is covered with frayed Pinang palm leaves - 1896-09-01.tif, Hudoq Dance Performance in Upper Mahakam River, Borneo
Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda ...
, Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies (; ), was a Dutch Empire, Dutch colony with territory mostly comprising the modern state of Indonesia, which Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, declared independence on 17 Au ...
circa 1896.
File:The Hudoq Dancers.jpg, Topeng Hudoq
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Maskerdans tijdens de zaaifeesten van de Bahau Dajaks Boven-Mahakam TMnr 60001698.jpg, Topeng Hudoq
Javanese ''topeng''
Malangan ''topeng''
In
East Java
East Java (, , ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia located in the easternmost third of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern ...
, ''topeng'' dance is called ''
wayang gedog'' and is the best-known art form from East Java's
Malang Regency
Malang Regency (Javanese script, Javanese: ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦼꦤ꧀ꦩꦭꦁ; Pegon script, Pegon: كابوڤاتين مالاڠ; Osob Kiwalan: ''ngalaM'') is the second largest Regency (Indonesia), regency in East Java, Indonesia, with a total a ...
. ''Wayang gedog'' theatrical performances include themes from the
Panji cycle stories from the kingdom of
Janggala, and the players wear masks known as ''wayang topeng'' or ''wayang gedog''. The word ''gedog'' comes from ''kedok'' which, like ''topeng'', means "mask".
These performances center on a love story about
Princess Candra Kirana of
Kediri and
Raden Panji Asmarabangun, the legendary crown prince of Janggala. Candra Kirana was the incarnation of
Dewi Ratih
Dewi Ratih, also known as ''Sang Hyang Ratih'' or ''Sang Hyang Semara Ratih'', is a Hindu lunar goddess worshipped in Java and Bali. She is well known for her beauty and grace, thus she was also known as the Goddess of Beauty. Her myth is linked ...
(the Hindu goddess of love) and Panji was an incarnation of
Kamajaya (the Hindu god of love). Kirana's story has been given the title ''
Smaradahana'' ("The fire of love"). At the end of the complicated story they finally marry and bring forth a son named Raja Putra.
File:Menari Topeng Malang.jpg, Malangan ''topeng'' mass dance
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajang topeng voorstelling TMnr 60008622.jpg, ''Topeng'' in '' wayang gedog'' performance
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een wajang wong voorstelling bij de regent van Malang TMnr 10017908.jpg, Wayang topeng Malang
Malang (; , ), historically known as Tumapel, is an inland List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, city in the Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of the Singhasari, Singhasari K ...
Surakartan ''topeng''

The ''topeng'' of the
Surakarta Sunanate
Surakarta Sunanate (; ) is a Javanese monarchy centred in the city of Surakarta, in the province of Central Java, Indonesia.
The Surakarta Kraton (Indonesia), Kraton was established in 1745 by Pakubuwono II. Surakarta Sunanate and Yogyakarta S ...
court is similar in style and theme to the Yogyakarta variants. Differences are seen in the craftmanship of masks; facial hair is represented with hair or fibre, while the Yogyakarta style uses black paint. Similarly to Yogyakarta, the Sukarta ''topeng punakawan'' (jester) often uses a jawless half-mask.
Yogyakartan ''topeng''
In
Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta is the capital city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by Hamengkubuwono, a monarchy, Yogyakarta is regarded as an importan ...
tradition, the mask dance is part of ''
wayang wong
( ), also known as (), is a type of classical Javanese and Balinese dance theatrical performance with themes taken from episodes of the '' Ramayāna'' or '' Mahabharāta''. Performances are stylised, reflecting Javanese court culture:
De ...
'' performances. Composed and created by Sultan
Hamengkubuwono I
Hamengkubuwono I (Javanese script: ꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦲꦩꦼꦁꦏꦸꦧꦸꦮꦤꦆ, Bahasa Jawa: ''Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I''), born Raden Mas Sujana ( Kartasura, 16 August 1717Yogyakarta, 24 March 1792), was the first sultan of Yog ...
(1755–1792), certain characters such as the ''wanara'' (monkey) and ''denawa'' (giant) in ''Ramayana'' and ''Mahabharata'' use masks, while the knight and princesses do not wear masks. The ''punakawan'' (jester) might use a half-mask (a mask without a jaw) so he can speak freely and clearly. Significantly here, the mustache is painted in black. The Topeng Klono Alus, Topeng Klono Gagah, and Topeng Putri Kenakawulan dances are classical Yogyakarta court dances derived from the story of
Raden Panji from the 15th-century
Majapahit
Majapahit (; (eastern and central dialect) or (western dialect)), also known as Wilwatikta (; ), was a Javanese people, Javanese Hinduism, Hindu-Buddhism, Buddhist thalassocracy, thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia based on the island o ...
legacy. The Klono Alus Jungkungmandeya and Klono Gagah Dasawasisa are masked dances adapted from ''
Mahabharata
The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; , , ) is one of the two major Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epics of ancient India revered as Smriti texts in Hinduism, the other being the ''Ramayana, Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the events and aftermath of the Kuru ...
'' stories.
Gallery
File:TARI TOPENG UNDUH PAWITRA.jpg
File:Tarian kidung tengger.jpg
File:Topeng Kandaga Saung Angklung Udjo.JPG
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Batak maskerdans tijdens een dodenfeest TMnr 60045324.jpg
File:Bebegig Baladewa.jpg
File:Tari Topeng Endel.jpg
File:Tari Topeng Malangan 3.jpg
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De neushoornvogeldans door Batak dansers met maskers TMnr 10004574.jpg
Pembuat tapel barong dan topeng.jpg
Pembuat Topeng.jpg
Hall of topeng malang.jpg
Topeng Bali in Wayang Museum.JPG
File:Javanese mask 1901 no 1.jpg
File:Javanese mask 1901 no 2.jpg
File:Javanese mask 1901 no 3.jpg
File:Javanese mask 1901 no 4.jpg
Bruxelles Java Masque Wayang 02 10 2011 02.jpg
Bruxelles Java Masque Wayang 02 10 2011 01.jpg
WLA haa Javanese Mask.jpg
Java Maske Arya Gunungsari Museum Rietberg RIN 214.jpg
See also
*
''Barong'' dance
*
Bedhaya
*
Dance of Indonesia
*
Balinese dance
Balinese dance (; ''(igélan Bali)'') is an ancient dance tradition that is part of the religious and artistic expression among the Balinese people of Bali island, Indonesia. Balinese dance is dynamic, angular, and intensely expressive. Balin ...
*
Javanese dance
References
Sources
*
External links
Information on ''topeng'' dances from the program notes of a performance in Glasgow in 2003(archived 19 December 2005)
Various examples of Indonesian ''topeng'' masks .
{{Indonesian drama and theatre
Dances of Indonesia
Theatre of Indonesia
Traditional drama and theatre of Indonesia
Masked dances
Masquerade ceremonies in Asia