Tony Garnier (13 August 1869 – 19 January 1948) was a noted French

architect An architect is a person who plans, designs, and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that h ...

and

city planner An urban planner (also known as town planner) is a professional who practices in the field of town planning, urban planning or city planning. An urban planner may focus on a specific area of practice and have a title such as city planner, tow ...

. He was most active in his home city of

Lyon Lyon (Franco-Provençal: ''Liyon'') is a city in France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the French Alps, southeast of Paris, north of Marseille, southwest of Geneva, Switzerland, north ...

, where he notably designed the Halle Tony Garnier and

Stade de Gerland The Stade de Gerland (known for sponsorship reasons as Matmut Stadium de Gerland and otherwise known as Municipal de Gerland or Stade Gerland ) is a stadium in the city of Lyon, France, which serves as home to Top 14 rugby club Lyon OU. It has a ...

. Garnier is considered one of the forerunners of 20th-century French architects.

Biography

After learning painting and drafting at the École Technique de la Martinière in Lyon (1883–1886), Garnier studied architecture at the

École nationale des beaux-arts de Lyon École or Ecole may refer to: * an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée) * École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing in région Île-de-France * Éco ...

(1886–1889) and the

École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts École or Ecole may refer to: * an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée) * École (river), a tributary of the Seine The Seine ( , ) is a river in nor ...

in Paris (1890–1899). In 1899 he won the

Prix de Rome The Prix de Rome () or Grand Prix de Rome was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them t ...

for a design of a national bank. The prize enabled him to reside at the

Villa Medici The Villa Medici () is a sixteenth-century Italian Mannerist villa and an architectural complex with 7-hectare Italian garden, contiguous with the more extensive Borghese gardens, on the Pincian Hill next to Trinità dei Monti in the historic ...

in Rome for four years, until 1904. During his stay in Rome he began working on the project of an industrial city that became his main contribution to town planning. In 1901, after extensive study of sociological and architectural problems, he began to formulate an elaborate solution to the perceived issues concerning urban design. His basic idea included the separation of spaces by function through

zoning In urban planning, zoning is a method in which a municipality or other tier of government divides land into land-use "zones", each of which has a set of regulations for new development that differs from other zones. Zones may be defined for ...

into several categories: industrial, civic, residential, health related, and entertainment. Garnier's drawings for an ideal industrial city called ''Une cité industrielle'' were initially exhibited in 1904, but only published later in 1918. ''Une Cité Industrielle'' was designed as an

utopia A utopia ( ) typically describes an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or near-perfect qualities for its members. It was coined by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book ''Utopia (book), Utopia'', which describes a fictiona ...

n form of living, for 35,000 inhabitants. It was located between a mountain and a river to facilitate access to hydroelectric power. This plan was highly influenced by the writings of

Émile Zola Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (, ; ; 2 April 184029 September 1902) was a French novelist, journalist, playwright, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of Naturalism (literature), naturalism, and an important contributor to ...

, in particular his socialist utopian novel ''Travail'' (1901). The plan allowed schools and vocational-type schools to be near the industries they were related to, so that people could be more easily educated. There were no churches or law enforcement buildings, in hope that man could rule himself. The idea of functional separation was later taken up by the members of CIAM, and would ultimately influence the design of cities like

Brasília Brasília ( ; ) is the capital city, capital of Brazil and Federal District (Brazil), Federal District. Located in the Brazilian highlands in the country's Central-West Region, Brazil, Central-West region, it was founded by President Juscelino ...

. In 1904, Garnier returned to Lyon, where he received a commission for a livestock market and slaughterhouse (1906–1924), later named Halle Tony Garnier. In 1910, he was commissioned for the design of the Édouard-Hérriot Hospital, completed in 1927. Further projects included several villas, the

(Gerland stadium) (1914–1918) and the low-cost housing ''Quartier des Etats-Unis'' (1919–1935) on United-States avenue in the 8th arrondissement of Lyon. In the 1920s, Garnier continued the work on several major projects started before the war. In 1939, he moved from Lyon to Roquefort-la-Bédoule, where he died in 1948. He is buried in the Croix-Rousse cemetery.

Selected projects

* ''Cité Industrielle'', project for an ideal city, 1904 * Rothschild Foundation Housing, Paris (competition entry), 1905 * Slaughterhouse and Stockyard, later named after him Halle Tony Garnier, Lyon, 1905–1924 (now a music venue, where coincidentally another Tony Garnier performed in 2010 as part of Bob Dylan's band) * Vacherie du Parc, Lyon, 1904–1905 * Grange-Blanche Hospital (now H. Edouard Herriot Hospital), Lyon, 1910–1927 * Villa Tony Garnier, Saint-Rambert, Lyon, 1911 *

municipal stadium, Lyon, 1914–1918 * ''Quartier des Etats-Unis'' housing, Lyon, 1919–1935 * Villa Gros, Saint-Didier, 1921 * Sanatorium, Saint-Hilaire de Touvet, 1923 * Lyon and Saint-Etienne Pavilions,

International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts The International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts () was a specialized exhibition held in Paris, France, from April 29 (the day after it was inaugurated in a private ceremony by the President of France) to November 8, 1925 (O ...

, Paris, 1925 * Hôtel de Ville, Boulogne-Billancourt, (with Jacques Debat-Ponsan), 1934

Publications

*1918 ''Une Cité Industrielle: Etude pour la construction des villes'' *1920 ''Les grands travaux de la ville de Lyon'' *Chambon, Catherine, Jacques Bonniel, et al; ''Tony Garnier, L’Air Du Temps''; Lyon, France
Musée Urbain Tony Garnier
2019.

* War memorial on Île du Souvenir

References

External links

Website for the Tony Garnier museum
{{DEFAULTSORT:Garnier, Tony 1869 births 1948 deaths 20th-century French architects French urban planners Architects from Lyon Prix de Rome for architecture École des Beaux-Arts alumni

Biography

Selected projects

Publications

Related articles

References

External links