The tono humano (secular song) was one of the main genres of 17th Century Spanish and Portuguese music. :The term ''tonadas'' is also used for ''tonos humanos'' in 17th Century musical literature but the 17th Century ''tonada'' is to be distinguished from the modern folk tonada song in

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the eas ...

or for guitar band in

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...

. In the early 17th Century the main vernacular forms for Spanish and Portuguese composers were the

villancico The ''villancico'' (Spanish, ) or vilancete ( Portuguese, ) was a common poetic and musical form of the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America popular from the late 15th to 18th centuries. Important composers of villancicos were Juan del Encina, Pe ...

, usually a Christmas song, and the solo tono; tono humano if secular, tono divino if sacred. The cantata form had not yet been introduced from Italy. At this point tonos were generally strophic songs (coplas) with a refrain (estribillo). However by the end of the 17th century some tonos had begun to include recitative and aria sections, as the cantada, Spanish form of the cantata became known around 1700. The tono humano and tono divino could also have 2, 3 or 4 voices. Nearly all tonos humanos and semi-sacred villancicos were preserved only in manuscript. The best copies were in the Royal Palace in Madrid and in the nearby Buen Retiro, both of which were lost in fires. This, and the fall from fashion of the tono and villancico in the

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, means that sources in Latin America are relatively important to recovery of this part of Iberian musical heritage. The Libro de tonos humanos Madrid 1656 (Biblioteca Nacional, M-1262) is the most substantial Iberian cancionero of the 17th Century with over 200 songs, almost all romances with estribillo in 4 voices. Additional surviving sources include the Mackworth manuscript. The tono was used both in theatre music, domestic music and church music. Composers active in the composition of tonos humanos include: * Francisco Guerrero (1528–1599) *

Juan Blas de Castro Juan Blas de Castro (1561 – August 6, 1631) was a Spanish singer, musician, and composer. Born in Barrachina, in the province of Teruel, Spain, he was the second of four brothers. In 1592, he became part of the court of the Duke of Alba in Alb ...

(1561–1631) *

Pedro Ruimonte Pedro Ruimonte (or ''Rimonte'', ''Ruymonte'') (1565 – November 30, 1627) was a Spanish composer and musician who spent much of his career in the Low Countries. Early years He was born in Zaragoza, the son of Pedro Ruimonte and Gracia de Bolea y ...

(1565–1627) * Gaspar Fernandes (1566–1629) * Mateo Romero ''El maestro capitán'' (1575–1647) *

Juan Arañés Juan Arañés (died c. 1649) was a Spanish baroque composer. His tonos and villancicos follow the style of those preserved in the Cancionero of Kraków. Biography Arañés was born in Aragon, at an unknown date. After studies in Alcalá de Hena ...

- ''Libro segundo de tonos y villancicos'', Rome 1624 * Manuel Machado (1590–1646) * Carlos Patiño (1600–1675) * Manuel Correia (1600–1653) * Bernardo Murillo (

fl. ''Floruit'' (; abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for "they flourished") denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indicatin ...

1642-1656) - song "La pastora" *

Juan Hidalgo de Polanco Juan Hidalgo de Polanco (28 September 1614 – 31 March 1685) was a Spanish composer and harpist who became the most influential composer of his time in the Hispanic world writing the music for the first two operas created in Spanish. He is con ...

(1612–1685) - 21 tonos humanos, 28 tonos divinos *

José Marín José Marín may refer to: * José Marín (composer) (c. 1619–1699), Spanish Baroque harpist, guitarist and composer * José Marín (racewalker) (born 1950), retired Spanish race walker * José Manuel Marín (born 1971), Spanish archer * José ...

(1618–1699) * Juan del Vado (1625–1691) * Clemente Imaña *

Cristóbal Galán Cristóbal Galán (c. 1630 – 24 September 1684) was a Spanish Baroque composer. The first record of Galán is that in 1651 he was rejected as ''maestro de capilla'' in Sigüenza because he was married. From 1653 he was a singer and organist ...

(1630–1684) * Miguel de Irízar (1635–1684) * Juan Romeo (fl. 1675) * Diego Fernandez de Huete (1635–1713) *

Gaspar Sanz Francisco Bartolomé Sanz Celma (April 4, 1640 (baptized) – 1710), better known as Gaspar Sanz, was a Spanish composer, guitarist, and priest born to a wealthy family in Calanda in the comarca of Bajo Aragón, Spain. He studied music, theolog ...

(1640–1710) *

Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco Sánchez (23 December 1644 – 23 April 1728) was a Spanish composer, musician and organist based in Peru, associated with the American Baroque. Life Torrejón y Velasco was born in Villarrobledo and spent his ch ...

(1644–1728) * Juan de Navas (1647–1709) *

Francisco Guerau Francisco Guerau (1649 – 1722) was a Spanish Baroque composer. After being born on Majorca, he entered the singing school at the Royal College in Madrid in 1659, becoming a member of the Royal Chapel as an alto singer and composer ten years la ...

(1649–c 1720) - instrumental tonos for guitar. * Sebastián Durón (1660–1716) *

José de Torres José de Torres y Martínez Bravo (16701738) was a Spanish composer, organist, music theorist and music publisher. Biography Torres was born in Madrid, where he served as organist of the ''capilla real'' from 1697. With the arrival of the Bourbon ...

(1665–1738) * Francisco Valls (1665–1747) * Juan Francés de Iribarren (1699–1767) *

José de Nebra José Melchor Baltasar Gaspar Nebra Blasco (January 6, 1702 – July 11, 1768) was a Spanish composer. His work combines Spanish traditions with the Italian style of his day. Biography José de Nebra was born in Calatayud and was taught by his fa ...

(1702–1768) In the New World the tono was taken up by: * Juan Serqueira of Lima (c.1655–1726)

Academic study

In recent years the tono humano has been the focus of intersemiotic study by musicologists. López, Cano Rubén. 2004
''De la Retórica a la Ciencia Cognitiva. Un estudio intersemiótico de los Tonos Humanos de José Marín (ca. 1618-1699.''.
Tesis doctoral.Universidad de Valladolid.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tono Humano Spanish music