Tong Guowei (died 1719) was a

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

official. He was a maternal uncle of

Kangxi Emperor The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 165420 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, personal name Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign of 61 ...

Life

Tong Guowei was the second (or the third) son of Tulai. According to the ''Comprehensive history of Eight Banners'' (欽定八旗通志), The

Tong Tong may refer to: Chinese *Tang dynasty, a dynasty in Chinese history when transliterated from Cantonese *Tong (organization), a type of social organization found in Chinese immigrant communities *''tong'', pronunciation of several Chinese char ...

(佟) family from

Fushun Fushun ( zh, s=, t=, p=Fǔshùn, historically Fuxi ()) is a prefecture level city in Liaoning province, China, about east of Shenyang, with a total area of , of which is the city proper. Situated on the Hun River ("muddy river"), it is one o ...

was a sinicized Jurchen clan, they were incorporated into the Han Chinese Plain Blue Banner. (''Comprehensive history of Eight Banners'', Volume 135) However,

Pamela Kyle Crossley Pamela Kyle Crossley (born 18 November 1955) is an American historian of modern China, northern Asia, and global history and is the Charles and Elfriede Collis Professor of History, Dartmouth College. She is a founding appointment of the Dartmou ...

stated that they were actually

Han Chinese The Han Chinese, alternatively the Han people, are an East Asian people, East Asian ethnic group native to Greater China. With a global population of over 1.4 billion, the Han Chinese are the list of contemporary ethnic groups, world's la ...

and falsely claimed to be related to the Manchu

Tunggiya Tunggiya (Manchu: , Chinese: 佟佳) is the name of a Manchu clan. Notable figures Males *Yangzhen (養真/养真; d. 1621), grandfather of Empress Xiaokangzhang **Tulai (圖賴/图赖; 1606–1658), a first rank military official (都統/都� ...

(佟佳) clan of

Jilin ) , image_skyline = Changbaishan Tianchi from western rim.jpg , image_alt = , image_caption = View of Heaven Lake , image_map = Jilin in China (+all claims hatched).svg , mapsize = 275px , map_al ...

, using this false claim to get themselves transferred to a Manchu banner in the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The Tong family was the most powerful family during the Kangxi period, thus got the nickname "Tong Ban Chao" (佟半朝), which meant "the Tong who fill up half the Court". In 1674, after the

Revolt of the Three Feudatories The Revolt of the Three Feudatories, () also known as the Rebellion of Wu Sangui, was a rebellion lasting from 1673 to 1681 in the early Qing dynasty of China, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722). The revolt was led by Wu San ...

had begun,

Wu Yingxiong Wu Yingxiong (; 1634 – 18 May 1674) was a Chinese aristocrat and the eldest son of Chinese military general Wu Sangui who was instrumental in the fall of the Ming dynasty and the expansion of the Qing dynasty into the Central Plain in 164 ...

, the eldest son of

Wu Sangui Wu Sangui (; 8 June 1612 – 2 October 1678), courtesy name Changbai () or Changbo (), was a Chinese military leader who played a key role in the fall of the Ming dynasty and the founding of the Qing dynasty. In Chinese folklore, Wu Sangui is r ...

, plotted a riot in Beijing. Hearing of the plan, Tong Guowei quickly arrested the ringleaders with the aid of thirty guards. He was appointed the commander of the imperial bodyguard (領侍衛內大臣) and Deliberative Ministers in 1682. In 1689 he was granted the hereditary rank First class Duke (一等公). He fought against

Dzungars The Dzungar people (also written as Zunghar or Junggar; from the Mongolian words , meaning 'left hand') are the many Mongol Oirat tribes who formed and maintained the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries. Historically, they were on ...

in the Battle of Ulan Butung, in which his brother Tong Guogang was killed in action. Tong Guowei was held responsible for not taking advantage of the victory to pursue the enemy during the battle, and was dismissed from his post as Deliberative Ministers. He accompanied Kangxi on both of the latter's expeditions against Galdan in 1696 and in 1697. Tong Guowei died in 1719. He was given the

posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary Personal name, name given mainly to revered dead people in East Asian cultural sphere, East Asian culture. It is predominantly used in Asian countries such as China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan, Malaysia and Thailand. ...

Duanchun (端純) and awarded posthumous appointment of

Grand Tutor The Three Ducal Ministers (), also translated as the Three Dukes, Three Excellencies, or the Three Lords, was the collective name for the three highest officials in Ancient China and Imperial China. These posts were abolished by Cao Cao in 208 AD a ...

(太傅) by

Yongzheng Emperor The Yongzheng Emperor (13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), also known by his temple name Emperor Shizong of Qing, personal name Yinzhen, was the fourth List of emperors of the Qing dynasty, emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the third Qing em ...

in 1723. (''

Draft History of Qing The ''Draft History of Qing'' () is a draft of the official history of the Qing dynasty compiled and written by a team of over 100 historians led by Zhao Erxun who were hired by the Beiyang government of the Republic of China. The draft was publ ...

'' Volume 287) Tong Guogang and Tong Guowei were said to believe in

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, which states that Jesus in Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God (Christianity), Son of God and Resurrection of Jesus, rose from the dead after his Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion, whose ...

, though their political lives prohibited their formal conversions. They maintained close relationships with two

Jesuit The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...

missionaries,

Lodovico Buglio Lodovico Buglio (26 January 1606 – 7 October 1682), Chinese name Li Leisi ( zh, t=利類思), was an Italian Jesuit mathematician and theologian. He was the first Catholic missionary to reach Sichuan, the then-westernmost province in China. C ...

and

Gabriel de Magalhães Gabriel de Magalhães (; 1610 – 6 May 1677), or gallicized as Gabriel Magaillans, was an early Portuguese Jesuit missionary to China who was one of the first Catholic missionaries to reach Sichuan. He also worked in Peking and founded the origina ...

Family

* Father: Tulai * Mother: Lady Gioro * Siblings: ** Elder sister:

Empress Xiaokangzhang Empress Xiaokangzhang (1638 – 20 March 1663), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Tunggiya clan, was the concubine of the Shunzhi Emperor and mother of the Kangxi Emperor during the Qing dynasty. She was honoured as Empress Dowager Cihe dur ...

(mother of

) ** Elder brother: Tong Guoji (佟國紀)? ** Elder brother: Tong Guogang (佟國綱) * Wife: Lady

Hešeri Hešeri (; Manchu: ''Hešeri''), is a clan of Manchu nobility with Jianzhou Jurchens roots, originally hailing from the area which is now the modern Chinese provinces of Jilin and Liaoning. It was once one of the most important and powerful nobl ...

* Children: ** Eldest son: Yekeshu (葉克書), father of Sunggayan (舜安顏) ** Second son: Dekesi (德克新) ** Third son:

Longkodo Longkodo (; died 1728) was a Manchu court official who lived in the Qing dynasty. He was from the Tunggiya clan, which was under the Bordered Yellow Banner. His period of fame lasted from the late Kangxi era to the early Yongzheng era, perhaps ...

** Fourth son: Hongshan (洪善) ** Fifth son: Qingyuan (慶元) ** Sixth son: Qingfu (慶復) ** Daughter:

Empress Xiaoyiren Empress Xiaoyiren (died 24 August 1689), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Tunggiya clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and third empress consort of Xuanye, the Kangxi Emperor. She was empress consort of Qing in 1689. Life Fam ...

** Daughter:

Imperial Noble Consort Quehui Dowager Imperial Noble Consort Quehui (1668 – 24 April 1743), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Tunggiya clan, was a consort of the Kangxi Emperor. She was 14 years his junior. Life Family background Imperial Noble Consort Quehui's persona ...

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tong, Guowei Year of birth unknown 1719 deaths Han Chinese Plain Blue Bannermen Manchu Bordered Yellow Bannermen Deliberative Princes and Ministers Qing dynasty generals